Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Novel antibodies were raised against a synthetic NH2-terminal myristoyl glycine moiety which is characteristic of N-myristoyl-proteins. Antisera raised against N-myristoyl-Gly-hemocyanin reacted with N-myristoyl-Gly-[125I]albumin. The immunoreaction was competed for by albumin conjugated with N-myristoyl-glycine, while underivatized albumin had no effect. Of the [3H]myristate-labeled proteins detected, pp60v-src, which is a transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, and p19gag and p17gag, which are core proteins in the human T-cell leukemia virus and the human immunodeficiency virus, were identified as N-myristoylated proteins by the radioimmunoprecipitation analyses with the antibody.
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PMID:Antibodies to an NH2-terminal myristoyl glycine moiety can detect NH2-terminal myristoylated proteins in the retrovirus-infected cells. 254 72

RNA stem-loop structures situated just 3' to the frameshift sites of the retroviral gag-pol or gag-pro and pro-pol regions may make important contributions to frame-shifting in retroviruses. In this study, the thermodynamic stability and statistical significance of such secondary structural features relative to others in the sequence have been assessed using a newly developed method that combines calculations of the lowest free energy of formation of RNA secondary structures and the Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that stem-loop structures situated just 3' to the frameshift sites are both highly stable and statistically significant relative to others in the gag-pol or gag-pro and pro-pol junction domains (both 300 nucleotides upstream and downstream from the possible frameshift sites are included) of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II), and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). No other more stable, or significant folding regions are predicted in these domains.
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PMID:Thermodynamic stability and statistical significance of potential stem-loop structures situated at the frameshift sites of retroviruses. 254 8

All the known retroviral proteases can be accommodated into the structural alignment of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus proteases.
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PMID:Structural alignment of retroviral protease sequences. 256 Jul 58

Knowledge of the tertiary structure of the proteinase from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 is important to the design of inhibitors that might possess antiviral activity and thus be useful in the treatment of AIDS. The conserved Asp-Thr/Ser-Gly sequence in retroviral proteinases suggests that they exist as dimers similar to the ancestor proposed for the pepsins. Although this has been confirmed by X-ray analyses of Rous sarcoma virus and HIV-1 proteinases, these structures have overall folds that are similar to each other only where they are also similar to the pepsins. We now report a further X-ray analysis of a recombinant HIV-1 proteinase at 2.7 A resolution. The polypeptide chain adopts a fold in which the N- and C-terminal strands are organized together in a four-stranded beta-sheet. A helix precedes the single C-terminal strand, as in the Rous sarcoma virus proteinase and also in a synthetic HIV-1 proteinase, in which the cysteines have been replaced by alpha-aminobuytric acid. The structure reported here provides an explanation for the amino acid invariance amongst retroviral proteinases, but differs from that reported earlier in some residues that are candidates for substrate interactions at P3, and in the mode of intramolecular cleavage during processing of the polyprotein.
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PMID:X-ray analysis of HIV-1 proteinase at 2.7 A resolution confirms structural homology among retroviral enzymes. 268 66

In 1911, the first retrovirus was described: the Rous sarcoma virus, an avian retrovirus. Forty years later the murine leukemic virus, a mouse retrovirus, was reported. Although many other retroviruses from non-primate species were identified during the 1960s, the first primate retrovirus was not recognized until it was isolated from a monkey tumor in 1970. The search for human retroviruses in human leukemic cells remained unsuccessful at that time. Facilitated by the discovery of T-cell growth factor, a substance used for the propagation of human leukocytes in cultures, the first human retrovirus was discovered in 1980. Soon thereafter, in 1983, another human retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was reported and implicated as the etiologic agent of AIDS. The isolation and identification of HIV has stimulated much interest in the study of human retroviruses and the control of this new viral disease.
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PMID:Perspectives on retroviruses and the etiologic agent of AIDS. 282 49

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences were inserted into adenovirus in place of the E1 region. The HIV-1 LTR contained in this recombinant adenovirus responds to trans-activation by tatIII in a HeLa cell line constitutively expressing that HIV-1 gene product. In addition, the HIV-1 LTR is activated by the adenovirus E1A 13S, but not 12S or 9S, gene product when it is supplied in trans by a coinfecting wild-type adenovirus. The Rous sarcoma virus LTR, in a similar recombinant adenovirus, is insensitive to tatIII but is also trans-activated by the E1A 13S protein. The action of the 13S E1A and tatIII proteins are additive for the HIV-1 LTR in the context of adenovirus and they appear to act at the transcriptional level. As in HeLa cells, the adenovirus-borne HIV-1 LTR is inactive in the absence of a trans-activator in H9 and Jurkat cells, two human leukemic T-cell lines. This suggests that recombinant adenoviruses have diagnostic potential for the detection of trans-activators of the HIV-1 LTR that are present in circulating human lymphocytes.
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PMID:Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences, expressed in an adenovirus vector, by the adenovirus E1A 13S protein. 296 70

Incorporation of Vpr into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions is mediated by the Gag protein, independently of other viral components. We have coexpressed Vpr and Gag constructs in a vaccinia virus expression system in order to map the region of Gag involved in Vpr packaging. Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal p6 region of Gag impaired the ability of Gag to package Vpr. To confirm the role of p6 in Vpr packaging, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-HIV chimeras containing HIV-1 p6 were constructed. Although RSV Gag does not package Vpr into virus particles, a chimera containing HIV-1 p6 is sufficient for Vpr incorporation. To map the region of p6 involved in Vpr packaging, a series of p6 point mutations and deletion mutations was analyzed. Mutations in the N-terminal p6 proline-rich domain, for which preliminary evidence shows a marked decrease in virion incorporated RNA, did not affect Vpr incorporation. Deletion of residues 1 to 31 of HIV-1 p6 did not affect Vpr packaging, but residues 35 to 47, including an (LXX)4 domain, were required for Vpr incorporation into virus particles.
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PMID:A leucine triplet repeat sequence (LXX)4 in p6gag is important for Vpr incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. 747 2

Proportional expression of retroviral genes requires that splicing of the viral primary transcript be an inefficient process. Much of our current knowledge about retroviral suboptimal splicing comes from studies with Rous sarcoma virus. In this report, we describe the use of chimeric introns composed of human beta-globin and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) splice sites to establish the basis for inefficient splicing of the intron which comprises most of the HIV-1 env coding sequences (referred to as the tat/rev intron). S1 RNA analysis of transfected COS-7 cells revealed that the 3' splice site (3' ss) of this region was significantly less efficient than the 3' ss of the first intron of beta-globin. Deletion of sequences flanking the tat/rev intron 3' ss demonstrated that the requirements for its inefficiency reside within the region that is expected to comprise the essential signals for splicing (i.e., the branchpoint region, the polypyrimidine tract, and the AG dinucleotide). Introduction of an exact copy of the efficient beta-globin branchpoint sequence within a highly conserved region rendered the tat/rev intron 3' ss highly efficient. Improvement of the polypyrimidine tract also increased the splicing efficiency, but to a degree slightly less than that obtained with the branchpoint mutation. Subsequent examination of the tat/rev intron 5' splice site in a heterologous context revealed that it is efficiently utilized. These results indicate that both a poor branchpoint region and a poor polypyrimidine tract are responsible for the low splicing efficiency of the HIV-1 tat/rev intron. It is of fundamental interest to establish the basis for inefficient splicing of the HIV-1 tat/rev intron since it may provide the key to understanding why nuclear export of mRNAs encoding HIV-1 structural proteins is Rev dependent.
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PMID:The tat/rev intron of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is inefficiently spliced because of suboptimal signals in the 3' splice site. 751 59

Genetic elements coding for proteins that present amino acid identity with the conserved motifs of retroviral reverse transcriptases constitute the retroid family. With the exception of reverse transcriptases encoded by mitochondrial plasmids of Neurospora, all reverse transcriptases have an absolute requirement for a primer to initiate DNA synthesis. In retroviruses, plant pararetroviruses, and retrotransposons (transposons containing long terminal repeats), DNA synthesis is primed by specific tRNAs. All these retroelements contain a primer binding site presenting a Watson-Crick complementarity with the primer tRNA. The tRNAs most widely used as primers are tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Pro), tRNA(1,2Lys), tRNA(3Lys), tRNA(iMet). Other tRNAs such as tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Leu), tRNA(Ser), tRNA(Asn) and tRNA(Arg) are also occasionally used as primers. In the retroviruses and plant pararetroviruses, the primer binding site is complementary to the 3' end of the primer tRNA. In the case of retrotransposons, the primer binding site is either complementary to the 3' end or to an internal region of the primer tRNA. Additional interactions taking place between the primer tRNA and the retro-RNA outside of the primer binding site have been evidenced in the case of Rous sarcoma virus, human immunodeficiency virus type I, and yeast retrotransposon Ty1. A selective encapsidation of the primer tRNA, probably promoted by interactions with reverse transcriptase, occurs during the formation of virus or virus-like particles. Annealing of the primer tRNA to the primer binding site appears to be mediated by reverse transcriptase and/or the nucleocapsid protein. Modified nucleosides of the primer tRNA have been shown to be important for replication of the primer binding site, encapsidation of the primer (in the case of Rous sarcoma virus), and interaction with the genomic RNA (in the case of human immunodeficiency virus type I).
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PMID:tRNAs as primer of reverse transcriptases. 754 Dec 50

The Gag proteins of Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) each contain a function involved in a late step in budding, defects in which result in the accumulation of these molecules at the plasma membrane. In the Rous sarcoma virus Gag protein (Pr76gag), this assembly domain is associated with a PPPY motif, which is located at an internal position between the MA and CA sequences. This motif is not contained anywhere within the HIV Gag protein (Pr55gag), and the MA sequence is linked directly to CA. Instead, a late assembly function of HIV has been associated with the p6 sequence situated at the C terminus of Gag. Here we demonstrate the remarkable finding that the late assembly domains from these two unrelated Gag proteins are exchangeable between retroviruses and can function in a positionally independent manner.
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PMID:Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins. 763 91


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