Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endobronchial scraping was used in 53 immunodeficient children, aged 4 months to 15 years, and divided into three categories (37 receiving immunosuppression treatment, 8 with marasmus, and 8 with immunodeficiency), in order to determine the etiology of their interstitial pneumopathy. The examination was made under blind conditions in 21 cases using an intubation tube (under assisted ventilation), and with bronchoscopy under general anesthesia in the other 32 cases. Three scrapings were required for cytological, bacteriological, and virological and mycological examinations. In 32 cases (60%), the etiology of the interstitial pneumopathy was discovered; in 18 patients it was due to pneumocystis carinii, in 10 cases to bacterial infection, in 7 cases a viral infection, and in 3 others a fungal infection. An association of infective agents was reported in 6 cases. The major incident observed was a pneumothorax in 17% of the cases, more especially in 45% of the children under 20 months of age. Bronchial scraping is a valid examination the results and complications of which compare well with other non-vascular methods of diagnostic evaluation of such lesions.
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PMID:[Results of bronchial scrapings in interstitial pulmonary diseases in immunodeficient children (author's transl)]. 54 12

In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 200 children with severe malnutrition and controls matched for age, sex, and area of residence were screened for serological evidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) over 5 months in 1988. The prevalence of HIV-1 antibodies in the malnourished group was 25.5% (51 of 200) compared with 1.5% (three of 200) in the controls. The seroprevalence rate was equally high in malnourished children above the age of 18 months (26 of 102; 25.5%), as in those below this age (25 of 98; 25.5%). The prevalence rate was higher in children with marasmus (38.2%) as compared to children with marasmic-kwashiorkor (12.3%) or kwashiorkor (12.2%). The prevalence of clinical features known to be associated with AIDS was higher in the HIV seropositive malnourished children as compared to the seronegative children. The modified World Health Organization clinical case definition of AIDS in children was also evaluated and found to have a low sensitivity and positive predictive value (62.8 and 57.1%, respectively) but a fairly high specificity (83.9%). It is recommended to routinely rule out HIV infection in malnourished children, especially those with marasmus.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV-1 infection and symptomatology of AIDS in severely malnourished children in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. 191 83

The predominantly heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa suggests that pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) could develop into a significant child health problem in this region. To assist clinicians in recognizing HIV infection in African children, the clinical features of 185 children with symptomatic HIV-related disease diagnosed at the 2 central hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, from April 1986-July 1987 were enumerated. In this period, 185 such cases were diagnosed. 83 (47%) involved children 0-12 months of age and another 61 (35%) represented children 13-24 months old. The male/female ratio was 1.0:1.03. The most frequently recorded clinical feature (52% of cases) was generalized lymphadenopathy, with or without hepatosplenomegaly. 45% of HIV-infected children presented with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray. Failure to thrive was present in 38% of cases. Also relatively common were hepatomegaly and splenomegaly (35% and 26%, respectively). Chronic, recurrent diarrhea was present in 21%. Less frequently observed (under 10% of cases) clinical findings were maculopapular eczematoid rashes, parotid swelling, chronic suppurative otitis media, chronic mucopurulent rhinitis, meningitis, and encephalopathy. 3 main clinical modes of presentation were identified--children with failure to thrive or marasmus in association with chronic diarrhea and developmental delay, those with generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, and children who present with chronic cough with pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of symptomatic human immuno-deficiency virus in children. 226 23

Malnutrition has been linked in field studies with increased susceptibility to infection, often associated with severe marasmus or kwashiorkor. However, studies by Jose and colleagues revealed an apparent paradox: while B-cell immunity was decreased by chronic moderate malnutrition, several aspects of T-cell immunity were enhanced. In extensive experimental studies we have analyzed the effects of dietary restriction in immunologic function and development of disease. Our investigations may be grouped into three related areas. 1) Differential effects of protein or protein-calorie malnutrition on B-cell and T-cell immunity. While antibody-mediated immunity was impaired in animals moderately restricted with respect to protein or total calories, several T-cell functions were consistently enhanced in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. 2) Influence of restricting a single nutritional element, the trace metal zinc, on immunologic function. Zinc deficiency produces progressive thymic involution and a progressive loss of T-cell immunity functions in mice and rats. While congenital failure to absorb this element normally is the single cause of hereditary acrodermatitis enteropathica, a frequently lethal disease both in humans and in cattle, acrodermatitis enteropathica has also been linked with common variable immunodeficiency disease, total parenteral alimentation with preparations lacking zinc, several forms of cancer, marasmus, and kwashiorkor. 3) Inhibition by dietary restriction of development of the diseases of aging. Disorganization of thymus-derived immunity, and development with aging of genetically determined diseases in several strains of mice, can be sharply curtailed or even prevented by reducing the intake of total calories or fat. Similarly, development of mammary cancer in C3H female mice is prevented by restricting dietary intake of fat.
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PMID:Nutritional modulation of immune responses. 696 92

Classic and HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are predominantly found in male Caucasians. It is unclear why KS is so rare in women. At the Department of Dermatology, University of Frankfurt, epidemic KS was diagnosed in 299/751 (40%) male and 5/72 (18%) female HIV-infected patients. To detect common parameters regarding immunodeficiency, hormonal disturbances, abnormalities in clinical course, or sexual practices, data of eight women with KS (five HIV+, three HIV-) were compared. In HIV+ women KS is more aggressive than in HIV- women and more aggressive than in HIV+ men. Early and frequent visceral involvement and no preference for the lower extremities are found. Compared to HIV- women with KS, HIV+ women are generally younger (mean age 38 vs 71 years) and significantly immunodeficient (reduced absolute CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio). All women with KS investigated for sexual hormones (7/8) showed abnormalities: 7/7 had low oestrogens, 4/6 low LH and 3/5 low progesterone. Controls (n = 11, HIV+ without KS) showed a clear trend for higher serum levels of sexual hormones, but the difference was not significant. Although different reasons for low levels of oestrogens (drug abuse, marasmus, menopause) must be considered, the lack of oestrogens seems to be a common finding in HIV+ and HIV- women with KS. There was no correlation between sexual practices (anal or oral-faecal contacts) and the manifestation or aggressiveness of KS.
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PMID:[Kaposi sarcoma in Caucasian women. Clinical, chemical laboratory and endocrinologic studies in 8 women with HIV-associated or classical Kaposi sarcoma]. 759 68

To assess the role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in malnutrition in African children, clinical examination and serologic tests were performed in 183 undernourished children at the Protestant Hospital of Dabou which is located in a semi-urban area of Cote d'Ivoire. Malnutrition was noted in 18% of children admitted to the Pediatric Department including 70.5% with marasmus. Serologic tests were positive for HIV in 46 of the 183 children, i.e. 25.1%. The type of malnutrition was not significantly different in seropositive children. Breast feeding was more common in the seropositive than seronegative group (59% vs 39%) (p<0.05). Follow-up at the nutrition center was poorer quality and less effective in seropositive than seronegative children. The results of this study demonstrate the important role of HIV infection first as a cause and second as an impediment for management of malnutrition in Black Africa.
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PMID:[AIDS and malnutrition in a pediatric semi-rural milieu of Ivory Coast]. 883 Feb 21

A 2.5-year-old boy with disseminated tuberculosis, highly suspected to be disseminated BCG infection which occurred against a background of secondary immunodeficiency due to measles and malnutrition, is presented. The initial diagnosis was post-measles bronchopneumonia, meningitis and marasmus. The final diagnosis was arrived at only because of a high clinical index of suspicion of tuberculosis which is needed in all communities with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. The absence of AIDS and the extreme rarity of ulceration of a previously healed BCG scar are noted.
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PMID:Ulceration of a previously healed BCG scar in suspected disseminated BCG infection. 923 Sep 76

It is estimated in the absence of reliable data that 200,000 children, 90% of them in Africa and the Caribbean, became infected with HIV through 2989. 1.5 million fertile-aged women were also infected. A 25% increase in mortality among children under 5 in Africa is 1 probable result. A doubling or tripling of mortality among adults will cause a fertility decline and an increase in infant mortality due to malnutrition. 200,000 children are expected to be orphaned by AIDS by 1992. 60-70% of seropositive African children are believed to have been infected by their mothers. Over half of infants born to mothers seropositive for HIV1 develop the disease. Reasons why vertical HIV1 transmission is apparently more likely than in Europe are not yet known. Vertical transmission of HIV2 is apparently much less likely. Contamination by blood transfusions is still very frequent. Although data are scarce, contamination through broken skin is known to occur, through use of infected syringes, during traditional scarification or circumcisions, during delivery in certain maternity centers when scarce tools are reused to cut the umbilical cord. There is some risk of contamination through mother's milk, but it is greatly exceeded by the benefits to infants of breastfeeding, especially in impoverished families. 10-30% of AIDS cases in children develop before 6 months and are manifested by polyadenopathic syndrome, hepatosplenomegalies, persistent and invasive esophageal and perhaps cutaneous candidiasis, prolonged or recurring fever, and failure to grow. Pulmonary complications are frequent. After 6 months, initial manifestations of the disease are more varied. Very often there is a severe and rapid decline in the general state of health, ending in marasmus with opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis is frequent. Anemia, bleeding problems, and cutaneous signs are common. Laboratory diagnoses are not available in most African health services. A clinical finding of 3 or 4 signs of AIDS in the absence of known cause of immunodeficiency is most often the basis for diagnosis of AIDS. A positive ELISA result in a child with strong clinical signs of AIDS may be considered sufficient evidence, but there are numerous potential causes of error. AIDS typically progresses very rapidly in African children, with early initial signs, frequent and severe infections, delays in diagnosis and treatment, and interactions with malnutrition. Children of seropositive mothers should be monitored carefully. Even if not infected at birth, they face grave risks when their mothers become ill. Seropositive children should receive all schedule vaccinations as long as they remain asymptomatic. Health care personnel should minimize blood transfusions, sterilize all materials, and inform the public about HIV infection and its prevention. Educational campaigns are still the only true means of combatting AIDS.
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PMID:[AIDS in the African infant and child]. 1228 65

Intracranial tuberculomas continue to be a serious complication of central nervous system tuberculosis. Multiple central nervous system tuberculoma is commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The development of intracranial tuberculomas has been thought to be caused by hematogenous spread of tubercle bacilli on the surface of brain parenchyma from the primary site of infection. Here, we describe the case of a 5-year-old male child with severe protein energy malnutrition (Marasmus) having large cervical lymphadenopathy and severe nutritional rickets with deformity at presentation. The child developed convulsions 20 days after initiation of antituberculous drugs, and neuroimaging confirmed multiple miliary tuberculomas of brain as primary etiology for the convulsions.
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PMID:Disseminated tuberculosis with paradoxical miliary tuberculomas of brain in a child with rickets. 2447 Aug 20