Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

2597 serum samples from individuals belonging to various groups were screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The majority of the sera screened were from residents of India; 16 were from foreigners. Screening was done using ELISA kits from 4 different commercial sources. Samples which were reactive initially were retested using the same kit. 4 samples were reactive repeatedly in all the kits used. 2 of these were from patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 1 from a patient with AIDS-related complex, and 1 from an apparently healthy female prostitute living in Bombay. These 4 samples were confirmed to be positive by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and the Karpas AIDS test. Among the sexually promiscuous persons screened for antibodies to HIV in India, female prostitutes appear to be the only risk group in whom antibodies to HIV virus have been detected. This also has been reported from Tamil Nadu. Positive reactors among blood donors screened even in areas of high incidence of AIDS has been very low. There were no positive reactors among the tribals, naval personnel, and individuals from jails. Overall, the data and an earlier report from Delhi suggest that the activity of AIDS retrovirus remains low in India, but the possible threat of spread of this disease should be considered. As prostitutes have been the only risk group with positive serological evidence of HIV infection, surveillance of this group is indicated.
 ...
PMID:Seroepidemiological investigations on human immunodeficiency virus infections in some parts of India. 316 84

Two hundred and three multi-transfused children with thalassemia attending the Thalassemia Clinic of the Charak Palika Hospital, New Delhi were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies by ELISA and all positive cases were confirmed by Western Blot. Of the 203 children screened, 18 (8.9%) were HIV positive, and in these children a detailed immunological work up was done and compared to 18 age-matched HIV negative thalassemics as controls. The tests included absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), absolute and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and their ratios (CD4/CD8), immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM and IgA) and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) test by Multitest CMI in all the cases and the controls. Of the 18 HIV positive children, 6 were diagnosed to have clinical AIDS as per the WHO criteria. After immunological testing, the children were further classified according to the CDC criteria. By these criteria, 11 children were classified as P1 A (asymptomatic infection, normal immune function), 1 child as P1 B (asymptomatic infection, abnormal immune function), 2 children as P2 A (symptomatic infection with non-specific findings), 1 child as P2 C (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis), 1 child as P2 D1 (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and 2 children as P2 D2 (symptomatic infection with infections). In this paper, the clinical features of the children with AIDS is described, and the immunologic functions of these children are compared with the HIV positive asymptomatic children and with controls. These are the first cases of AIDS in the pediatric age group from India.
 ...
PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in multitransfused children with thalassemia. 828 25

Although India's Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Control Program has been in existence for 40 years, it was not until the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic that a serious attempt was made to strengthen the program and collect data on conditions responsible for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, 11,539 individuals attending the Regional STD Teaching, Training, and Research Center in New Delhi during a 3-year period and 20,897 antenatal clinic patients at a New Delhi hospital were screened for HIV. The overall HIV seropositivity rate was 2.0/1000 among STD clinic attenders, but there was an increase from 1.0/1000 in 1990 to 4.1/1000 in 1993. The overall rate for antenatal patients was 0.1/1000. Heterosexual transmission, largely through contact with commercial sex workers, was the source of HIV transmission in almost half of the 23 infected STD clients. The 2 HIV-1 cases involving pregnant women were acquired through blood transfusion. 13 of the HIV-infected STD clients had genital lesions and, in 4 of these cases, the response to treatment was compromised (i.e., no response or a slow response). Two out of 6 spouses and a 2-year-old child of HIV-infected subjects were also seropositive. Although the incidence of HIV was small in this New Delhi study, increasing interactions with Bombay, where HIV incidence is at 35% of commercial sex workers, may change this situation.
 ...
PMID:Increasing trend of HIV seropositivity in a sexually transmitted diseases centre and epidemiology of HIV seropositive individuals. 865 12

Any change in risk behavior related to acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is likely to reduce simultaneously the risk for other agents transmitted through identical routes. A study carried out in the city of Delhi, India on the load of transfusion associated infections among multitransfused (MT) children in relation to mandatory screening of HIV infection in donated blood indicated unchanged prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections among the group of MT children transfused after the implementation of mandatory screening of HIV infections in blood banks, i.e. post-implementation period (prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV being 32.8%, 31.3% and 1.6% respectively) compared to a group of MT children transfused over a similar duration before the implementation of mandatory screening i.e. pre-implementation period (prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV being 28.1%, 26.6% and 1.6% respectively). However, reduction could be recorded in the prevalence of IgM and IgG classes of antibodies to both CMV and HSV-2 infections among MT children receiving transfusion during the post-implementation period (prevalence of 3.1% and 37.1% for CMV IgM and CMV IgG respectively; prevalence of 3.1% and 25% for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG, respectively) compared to the group of MT children transfused in the pre-implementation period (prevalence of 15.6% and 56.3% for CMV IgM and CMV IgG respectively; prevalence of 18.8% and 45.2% for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG, respectively). These reductions were statistically significant (p values < 0.02 and < 0.05 for CMV IgM and CMV IgG; p values < 0.01 and < 0.02 for HSV-2 IgM and HSV-2 IgG respectively). These observations were in accordance with the recorded reduction in the prevalence of CMV and HSV-2 infections and unaltered prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV infections in the group of donors donating blood during the post-implementation period compared to those donating in the pre-implementation period. Study of epidemiological risk factors among blood donors showed a change in behavior towards safer sex practice with only 13.0% of donors in the post-implementation period having history of sex with one or more female commercial sex workers during their donation periods compared to 41.5% of donors in the pre-implementation period having similar history (p < 0.001). However no change could be recorded in the proportion of donors donating at frequency higher than the permissible guidelines among the two groups. The present study points out nosocomial transmission as well as limitations in the existing guidelines for screening of infectious agents in blood banks as possible incriminating factors towards acquisition of hepatitis virus infections in blood donors as well as in MT children.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of transfusion associated infections in multitransfused children in relation to mandatory screening of HIV in donated blood. 965 88

The concurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis and the trend that these infections have followed in blood donors during the last eight years from 1989 to 1997 were studied at a Zonal Blood Testing Centre in New Delhi. Overall, HIV was positive in 0.068 per cent blood donors in this period. A significant rise was found in HIV infection (particularly in a small subgroup of voluntary donors) after 1995 and in VDRL reactivity after 1993. However, no significant increase was found in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity. HIV seroprevalence in replacement donors, which represents the low risk general population, increased gradually from 0 in 1991 to an average of 0.060 per cent in 1997. HbsAg and VDRL reactivity was present in 12.2 and 11.8 per cent of HIV positive cases while it was present in 1.2 and 2.3 per cent of HIV negative cases respectively. HBsAg was found 10.4 times and VDRL reactivity 5.9 times more often in HIV positive donors as compared to HIV negative donors. Thus, HIV infection is likely to be more prevalent in communities with a high HBsAg positivity and VDRL reactivity.
 ...
PMID:Incidence of HIV infection & its predictors in blood donors in Delhi. 978 78

Sera from 164 patients with parasitologically confirmed kala-azar and 100 patients with non-kala-azar Delhite in 2 Delhi hospitals were tested for anti-human immunodeficiency (anti-HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigens to determine which group is more likely to contract these infections. The mean age of the patients was 32.5 y (+/-6.5 y), (120 M, 44 F). Two patients were from Nepal and the others from the kala-azar endemic state of Bihar, India. As geographical controls, 50 serum samples from sex- and age-matched healthy Bihar residents were also tested for the blood-borne viral infections. All patients had been treated with injectable medicines by 1 or more local physicians before they were referred to the Delhi hospitals. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV infection was significantly different between the 2 patient groups. While 2 kala-azar patients (1.21%) were found to be HIV-1 positive, 54 (32.9%) patients had anti-HCV antibodies detected by ELISA and 51 (31.1%) by RIBA test. The seroprevalence of HCV was only 2% in hospitalized non-kala-azar cases and 4% in the geographical controls (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of HBV was 13.2% in hospitalized kala-azar cases, but only 1.75% in disease control cases and 1.6% in geographical control cases. The difference in infection rates between cases and controls was significant (p < 0.001). The results indicate that kala-azar patients treated locally in Bihar have a greater chance of contracting blood-borne infections. Interestingly, we found that HCV was more prevalent than HBV. These infections were most likely acquired through the re-use of needles by local medical and paramedical practitioners for administering anti-leishmanial drugs. This trend, if not checked immediately, may have drastic consequences in the horizontal transmission of HIV in Bihar.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in multiply-injected kala-azar patients in Delhi. 1071 69

The Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, in collaboration with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, USA, organized a four-day Indo-US Workshop on Behavioural and Social Research for injectable drug abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. The workshop was sponsored by the National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Medical Council of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the National Institute of Health, USA. Experts from India and abroad shared experiences and discussed various social and behavioral strategies for HIV prevention in injectable drug users, a problem requiring a global approach and response. Professor S.D. Sharma, Director of the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, highlighted the objectives of the workshop. Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Shri Paban Singh Ghatowar, promised the government would seriously consider the workshop's recommendations. These include: 1) better dissemination of information and communication among researchers and organizations working in this field; 2) development of better networking and linkages among the researchers, government organizations, and nongovernmental organizations involved; 3) development of formal training programs and workshops in this field; 4) assessment of the treatment approaches and their outcomes; 5) planning and implementation of collaborative multicentric research with well-defined goals; 6) establishment of legal and ethical guidelines to avoid abuse by drug users and their sex partners; 7) restriction of illicit drugs with the potential for abuse, like buprenorphine; 8) generation of hard epidemiological data based on both qualitative and quantitative research; 9) development of community outreach programs and community-based interventions; and 10) establishment of guidelines concerning educational material on HIV prevention in the school curriculum.
 ...
PMID:HIV, drug use, unsafe sex -- bad news. 1217 19

Blood transfusion has been the transmission mechanism in 15 per cent of total patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A few reports are available regarding the trend of HIV seropositivity in northern India. Prevalence of VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) reactivity varies from 0.8-15 per cent in blood donors. We present data on the prevalence and trends of infection with HIV 1 and 2 and VDRL reactivity in blood donors in Delhi. Between 2000-2002, a total of 76089 (voluntary and replacement) donors were screened. Majority (82.4%) were replacement donors. Seropositivity for HIV and VDRL was seen in 0.54 and 2.6 per cent of donors respectively. The percentage of seropositivity for HIV and VDRL was significantly higher in replacement donors (P<0.001). It is suggested that extensive donor selection and a voluntary donor service would reduce the number of infectious donors significantly. Non-renumerated repeat voluntary donor services are urgently required to lower the prevalence of transmissible infections. While the need to change to a voluntary donor service and devising effective donor screening cannot be over emphasized, there is also a need to mandate HIV antigen detection in India.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of HIV and VDRL seropositivity in blood donors of Delhi. 1625 80

Data on various etiologic agents causing diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals are sparse in Delhi, India. The present study was undertaken to identify various causative agents, the role of associated risk factors and immune status. A case-control study was conducted among 75 HIV-1 infected individuals, 50 with and 25 without diarrheal infection. Fecal samples were screened for coccidian parasites, enteric protozoa, and helminthes by using various staining techniques. The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was estimated. Enteric parasites were identified among 62.7% individuals, of which Cryptosporidium emerged as the single largest pathogen predominant among 33% of the individuals (P < 0.025). Other parasites diagnosed that were significantly associated with diarrhea were Giardia lamblia (13.3%), microsporidia (6.7%), and Isospora belli (2.7%). Chronic infected diarrheal cases were found to have polyparasitic infections. The mean CD4+ cell count was found to be lower among the diarrheal cases when compared with the non-diarrheal cases (mean, 141 cells/mm(3) versus 390 cells/mm(3)). Similarly, among diarrheal individuals, the chronic diarrheal cases had a comparatively lower CD4+ cell count than the acute cases (mean, 123 cells/mm(3) versus 265 cells/mm(3)). Risk factors found significant during multivariate analysis were: residence in a slum, exposure to pets and animals, use of public toilets, and practice of unsafe homosexual activity. Enteric coccidian parasites were identified as significant agents associated with diarrhea, especially among those with improper hygiene, multiple infections and a lower CD4+ cell count. Thus, this study emphasizes the need for routine screening of enteric parasites as well as education about practicing personal hygiene and taking timely and appropriate prophylactic measures.
 ...
PMID:Enteric opportunistic parasites among HIV infected individuals: associated risk factors and immune status. 1751 36

The need of a clinical case definition (CCD) for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was felt by public health agencies to monitor diseases resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To test the statistical significance of the existing World Health Organization (WHO) CCD for the diagnosis of AIDS in areas where diagnostic resources are limited in India, a prospective study was conducted in the Paediatrics department at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi. 360 cases between 18 months-12 years of age satisfying WHO case definitions of AIDS were included in the study group. Informed consent was taken from the parents. The serum of patients was subjected to ELISA to conform the diagnosis of HIV infection. Our study detected 16.66% (60) of HIV prevalence in children visiting paediatrics outpatient clinic. 20% cases manifested 3 major and 2 minor signs. This definition had a sensitivity of 73.33%, specificity of 90.66%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 61.11% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.44%. On using stepwise logistic regression analysis weight loss, chronic fever > 1 month and total lymphocyte count of less than 1500 cells/mm3 emerged as important predictors. Cases showing 2 major and 2 minor signs were 86 (23.89%) with a sensitivity and specificity of 86.66% and 88.66% respectively. Based on these findings, we propose a clinical case definition based on 13 clinical signs and symptoms for paediatric AIDS in India with better sensitivity and PPV than the WHO case definition but with almost similar specificity. Thus multicentric studies are further required to modify these criteria in Indian set up.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of the WHO clinical case definition of AIDS among children in India. 1912 63


1 2 Next >>