Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Use of condom in sexual intercourse by intravenous drug users has been assessed among a clinical population (n = 139). The multiple logistic regression results show that being a female (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.0-13.2), on drug dependence for a 5-year period or more (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3-6.9) correlates with non-condom use. Less than 25% of females use condom in their sexual contacts. On the contrary a higher educational level seems to protect subjects against non-condom use (R = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.8). The most parsimonious model fitting to data at hand includes such variables as sex, educational level, partnership and frequency of sexual intercourse, as well as years on addiction. Other set of variables such as living and working status, age, and previous sexually-transmitted diseases experience are not required for the final model. Emphasis is placed on the need for developing programs aimed at modifying the high risk behavior intravenous drug users resort to in their sexual intercourse, stressing that the main dissemination cause of the human immunodeficiency virus among such a population is due to their sharing drug injections equipment.
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PMID:[Factors associated with the failure to use condoms among a population of parenteral drug addicts]. 130 27

Disorders in serum immunoglobulins, beta-2 microglobulin and lymphocyte subpopulations in parenterally drug-addict patients (PDAP) are analyzed. The study is divided in three parts. In the first one, a group of 33 HIV-negative PDAP without intercurrent diseases is compared with a control group of healthy non-addict persons. In the second part, the differences between a group of 58 HIV-negative PDAP and a group of 95 HIV-positive PDAP are studied. In the third part, the differences between the group of HIV-negative PDAP without associated procedures and a subgroup of HIV-positive patients including 31 asymptomatic carriers in phase II, are studied. No statistically significant differences were detected between the control group and the HIV-negative PDAP group. The HIV-positive PDAP group showed lymphocytes CD3, CD4 and a CD4/CD3 ratio statistically lower than the HIV-negative group, as well as a significant increase of the immunoglobulin IgG and beta-2 microglobulin. The same results were obtained when the subgroup of HIV-positive patients in phase II was compared with the group of HIV-negative PDAP without intercurrent diseases. According to these results, we conclude that the immunological disorders detected in PDAP patients seem to be more related with the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus and with other associated infections than with the drug-addiction itself.
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PMID:[Immunoglobulins, beta-2 microglobulin and lymphocyte subpopulations in patients addicted to parenteral drugs (IVDA)]. 146 1

Over one quarter of the risk of death due to the sudden infant death syndrome (cot death) is attributable to maternal smoking. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and infancy is one of the most important avoidable risk factors for infant death. Nicotine is a drug of addiction. Many young smokers are addicted to nicotine and develop withdrawal symptoms on stopping. Smoking is an important marker for other types of drug abuse, e.g. alcohol, cannabis and cocaine. The earlier children start smoking, the greater the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. Smoking affects immunity and has been associated with an increased risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.
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PMID:Smoking and the young. 146 39

The presence of antibodies against HIV-2 was analyzed in serum samples from high-risk individuals for retrovirus infection, who were seropositives for HIV-1. Out of a total of 842 samples, 344 presented positive absorbency and 16, threshold ranges, in an enzymatic immunoassay (EIA) designed to detect simultaneously antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2. The Western Blot (WB) analysis confirmed the presence of antibodies against HIV-1 in 324 samples with positive or threshold EIA, while it was indetermined in 15 samples. WB was negative in 11 samples. In the 15 samples with indetermined WB and in the 16 samples with threshold EIA, the presence of antibodies against HIV-2 was investigated with an specific WB and a test designed with synthetic peptides (Pepti-lav). Three samples met the isolated seropositivity criteria for HIV-2. Those samples were from 3 african immigrants living in Madrid, which, until now, were asymptomatic, although one of them presented biological signs of immunodeficiency. None of them referred high-risk infectious practices, such a homosexuality or drug-addiction, although all of them referred heterosexual contacts in their native countries. Samples from native subjects meeting serum positivity criteria for HIV-2 were not identified.
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PMID:[Evidence of infection by HIV-2 in Madrid (1991)]. 156 45

A man with previous addiction to parenteral drugs presented infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with persistent generalised lymph node enlargement. Sixteen months after diagnosis, he developed intermediate-grade lymphoma of the stomach. Partial response was achieved by chemotherapy, and the patient presented pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis which led him to exitus.
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PMID:[Syndrome of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy with development into a gastric lymphoma]. 169 62

Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) are increasingly encountered in the medical arena, on both an inpatient and an outpatient basis, in large part because of complications related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinicians must work to overcome long-standing antipathy towards this population in order to provide appropriate care, as well as to develop an understanding of the process of addiction and of the addict as a patient. The use of relationship skills, limit setting, and contingency contracting and an ability to choose and gain access to appropriate and/or available chemical dependency treatment options are important in the care of these patients. Finally, an adequate biomedical knowledge base of the medical complications of IVDUs, as well as the care of drug-related complications and withdrawal and overdose syndromes, is necessary to provide optimal care. In addition, the IVDU may have certain features of HIV-related disease that differ from those of other groups, and the clinician must be familiar with these features. Provision of such care is within the scope of the primary care clinician and can improve patient retention in treatment and the outcomes of such treatment, as well as both patient and clinician satisfaction.
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PMID:HIV disease in the intravenous drug user: role of the primary care physician. 200 76

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is, to a great extent, a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Its diffusion among the heterosexual population is still limited. STD treatment centres are particularly well organized to watch this diffusion. At the STD centre of the Saint-Louis hospital, Paris, we conducted a 6-week prospective study concerning the systematic detection of HIV-1 infection in 240 consecutive female out-patients in 1988, and in 504 male out-patients in 1989. The results obtained were as follow: 5/240 women (2.1 percent) and 19/504 men (3.8 percent) were seropositive for HIV-1. Out of these 24 subjects, 15 did not know they were seropositive. Predictive factors for seropositivity were male homosexuality, addiction to heroin and, in women, drug addicts as sex partners. Altogether, 23 of the 24 seropositive subjects had the classical risk factors for HIV-1 infection. None of the 744 subjects in this study were HIV-2 seropositive, and only 1 out of 504 men was HTLV-1 seropositive. We conclude that the prevalence of HIV-1 infection was high in our centre, and this prompts us to suggest that the serological test should be proposed to all out-patients and that patient's education and preventive measures should be organized by STD centres, even though the infection is still limited to patients at a particularly high risk (drug addicts, homosexuals, country of origin).
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PMID:[Prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1 infections. Experience in a Parisian center for sexually transmitted diseases]. 214 98

Primary care clinicians are acquiring an increasingly important role in preventing, diagnosing, and treating both chemical dependence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) illness. Towards this end they need to know the epidemiology of HIV infection in chemically dependent persons and methods of educating persons at high risk for these problems. It is critical that physicians screen for alcohol and drug addiction. Health care providers should understand the risks and benefits of HIV antibody testing and include in their practices the basic components of counseling before and after testing and informed consent. Both HIV illness and addiction are chronic diseases with long-term health implications. A knowledge of patient characteristics, intensity of treatments, and treatment modalities is important in making recommendations for individualized therapy. Combining service delivery is a future challenge necessitated by today's joint epidemics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and chemical dependence.
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PMID:Primary care for AIDS and chemical dependence. 219 Apr 22

Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders commonly occur together. This form of dual diagnosis is notable because it complicates assessment and makes treatment more difficult for both psychiatric and drug abuse problems. Drugs can cause psychiatric disorders and can also be used as an attempt to "cure" them by self-medication. The spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among drug users has added a third potential clinical problem, that of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, to the difficulties already presented by drug abuse and psychiatric disorders. Patients with this triple diagnosis pose challenges to primary care physicians as well as addiction medicine specialists or psychiatrists. Assessment should include a drug abuse history, preferably corroborated by others, evaluation of the mental state, and examination focusing on signs of drug abuse and HIV infection. Treatment should include the management of HIV disease, abstinence from drug abuse, and access to psychiatric care. New systems of health care service, including interdisciplinary case management, may be needed to manage patients with a triple diagnosis.
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PMID:Drug abuse, psychiatric disorders, and AIDS. Dual and triple diagnosis. 219 Apr 23

Heating urine samples from high-risk patients for 1 h at 56 degrees C is no longer believed to completely inactivate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; AIDS virus). To protect staff who are handling infectious samples such as those from drug-addiction units, heating at a higher temperature may be necessary. We report the stability to heat treatment (at 60, 70, and 100 degrees C) at pH 5.1 and 7.6 of some commonly abused drugs, namely, methadone, pethidine, amphetamine, the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine, and the dextropropoxyphene metabolite nordextropropoxyphene. Heat-treating urine at 60 degrees C for 1.5 h or 70 degrees C for 1 h did not significantly affect the measured concentrations of these drugs. However, heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 1 h reduced the recovery of all the drugs. Benzoylecgonine and amphetamine were most susceptible to the different forms of heat treatment.
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PMID:Screening for drugs of abuse: effect of heat-treating urine for safe handling of samples. 235 32


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