Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of a total number of 643 injured patients admitted during 1986 and 1987, 113 were tested for antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg and the concentration of hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAb) was determined. Nine patients were HIV positive while HBsAg was detected in two patients and increased levels of HBsAb were found in 19 patients. HIV antibodies were found in 6 (4.8 per cent) of 124 victims of violence, in 3.3 per cent of the patients with penetrating injuries and 1.1 per cent of the patients with multiple, closed injuries. The estimated prevalence for HIV infection in the Norwegian population is 0.08 per cent, thus indicating an over-representation of infected patients among injured patients and victims of violence.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus in injured patients and victims of violence. 259 57

At the emergency station of the Surgical Department of the University Hospital in Zurich, 90% of the group with high risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus are intravenous drug abusers and 10% are promiscuous homosexuals. When compared with the group of i.v. drug addicts, the group of homosexual patients is small, as homosexual behaviour is not recognised and drug consumption and surgical emergency cases occur more often with i.v. drug addicts than with homosexuals. Surgical illnesses of i.v. drug abusers are directly connected with drug addiction (needle abscesses, injuries by accident or violence). Homosexual patients have no characteristic surgical problems outside of anal difficulties. I.v. drug abusers are running a very high risk of viral infections: 75% have antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus. 77% have antibodies against the hepatitis-B virus and 50% have antibodies against the hepatitis-A virus. At the surgical emergency station of the University Hospital in Zurich, the problem of i.v. drug consumption patients with risk of viral infection is permanently increasing. The surgical emergency station can be considered as an ideal place for the prevention from HIV-infection and for taking care of i.v. drug abusers.
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PMID:[The HIV patient in the surgical emergency unit]. 270 21

This paper focuses on the implications of an inadequate public health/preventive health care system for emergency medicine (EM), the role that EM providers can play in remedying critical health problems, and the benefits gained from a public health approach to EM. A broad definition of public health is adopted, suggesting shared goals of public health and EM. Critical problems posed for EM include alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse; injury; violence; sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occupational and environmental exposures; and the unmet health needs of minorities and women. A blueprint for future merging of public health issues with EM is presented that includes the application of public health principles to 1) clinical practice; 2) public education, community involvement, and public policy advocacy; 3) development of medical school and residency public health/prevention curricula and teaching methods; and 4) research opportunities and surveillance. Finally, recommendations are proposed that require restructuring the present health care system to provide resources, incentives, and organizational changes that promote an integration of public health and preventive services in the practice of EM.
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PMID:A public health approach to emergency medicine: preparing for the twenty-first century. 762 Nov 94

The general level of health care in any country will dictate to a large extent the amount of attention paid to the control of nosocomial infections. In South Africa the apartheid era, although initially supporting a strong economy, did little to foster a good education system among the mass of the population. With the imposition of sanctions and the decline in the economy, the health services which had been curative in nature and centred around the medical schools of the country and their teaching hospitals, began to suffer the effects of rampant inflation and financial cutbacks. Nevertheless, virtually all the medical schools support infection control programmes of one sort or another. In addition, there are a number of Infection Control Societies in the country. With the present political instability and violence in the country, the health services have not escaped. Staff cutbacks are inevitable and wards may have to close; the academic hospitals are under threat. Privatization is strongly favoured by government. The present population of approximately 30 million could double by the year 2020, putting enormous pressure on limited resources. The squatter problem worsens every month. The spectre of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases yearly. Any assessment of priorities must therefore be made against this background. Only proven methods of infection control should be encouraged. In the light of the foregoing, three areas of practical activity are examined: the re-processing of heat-labile equipment, the re-use of disposables and the disposal of clinical waste.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lowbury Lecture. Infection control--a challenge in a land of contrasts. 810 82

The empowerment and affirmation of lesbian, bisexual, and gay students is long overdue. This article explores how human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), substance abuse, violence and hate-related crimes, suicide, and heterosexism all adversely affect the physical and emotional health of nonheterosexual college students. College health services must expand their current scope and practice and assume a leadership role in combating all forms of oppression by actively incorporating and addressing the unique health issues and needs of the lesbian, bisexual, and gay population. This article provides a brief overview of the relevant healthcare issues for lesbians, bisexuals, and gays; examples of heterosexism in college health services; and recommendations for institutional and personal and professional change.
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PMID:Challenging heterosexism in college health service delivery. 820 Nov 34

Young people who engage in multiple health risk behaviors such as alcohol and other drug use, unprotected sexual activity, smoking, and violence, are a serious public health concern. To help identify potential strategies for influencing these behaviors, focus groups were conducted with 160 youth ages 10-18 years. For additional insights, focus groups also were held subsequently with 70 parents and grandparents of youth of similar ages. The youth participants were well-informed about most of the risky behaviors and their health consequences. Safe sex practices and the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were the exceptions. Despite this understanding, participants spoke of engaging in these behaviors as part of a lifestyle common to the high-risk environments where they live. The youth said that knowing why these practices were harmful was not enough to help them change the behavior. The need for skills building and support systems to reinforce their generally high level of awareness was evident. Love, home, family, and safety were cited as very important. Many participants said they wanted to talk to someone they could trust, who knew what they were going through. The groups of parents and grandparents were concerned about the physical dangers facing their adolescents and about peer influence. They also acknowledged their own mixed messages to their youth. The focus group findings suggest that health promotion strategies for high-risk youth should be comprehensive rather than categorical, with nonjudgmental, interpersonal communication integrated into community-based programs. To be relevant, program strategies must reach outside the usual channels and incorporate the high-risk environment where these youth live.
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PMID:Designing health promotion approaches to high-risk adolescents through formative research with youth and parents. 821 Feb 76

Two samples of street youth from the inner city area of Sydney, ranging in age from 13 to 20, with a mean of 17, were surveyed via a lengthy questionnaire. The first survey in 1989/90 (n = 92; 66 males, 26 females) revealed high levels of physical and sexual abuse; violence and negative relationships as major factors in leaving home; safe sexual practice not common (other than for those prostituting); polydrug use widespread and heavier for females; some needle sharing by injecting drug users (IDU). Second survey, 190/91 (n = 100; 70 males, 30 females), confirmed previous picture, but found changes in immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviours: needle sharing reduced; for those prostituting an increase in safe sexual practices with clients; reduction in regular safe sexual practices with non-paying partners. IDU was significantly linked to prostitution as was needle sharing. Some changes are in an encouraging direction, but more preventive work is needed focusing on safe behaviours with non-paying partners and how to initiate and negotiate these. More qualitative or ethnographic research could better inform such efforts and, indigenous strategies deserve recognition.
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PMID:Taking a chance on love: risk behaviour of Sydney street youth. 826 27

Trauma patients have been identified as a high-risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly those patients with penetrating injuries from urban violence. We prospectively evaluated more than 2,000 trauma patients for HIV infection at our ACS-certified trauma center and report the results. Between September 1987 and December 1991, 2,004 patients were admitted to our trauma unit. All patients underwent HIV antibody assay by protocol. Three patients had positive test results, and all were confirmed as true positives. Two patients were known at the time of their trauma to be HIV positive, and the third had engaged in high-risk behavior. No health care worker reported inoculation with or mucosal exposure to HIV from any of these patients. In our trauma unit, the prevalence of HIV infection was only 0.15%. More than $74,000 was spent on screening without demonstrable benefit to the patients or increased protection for the trauma team. Routine testing of patients for HIV can be justified to establish epidemiologic parameters and in the case of high-risk groups, but it is not cost-effective in low-risk groups. Persistent testing of populations at low risk is a futile expenditure of precious health care dollars and is of questionable utility.
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PMID:The questionable utility of mandatory screening for the human immunodeficiency virus. 827 48

There is a growing awareness of the burden and implications of reproductive ill health as contributed by unsafe motherhood (during pregnancy, childbirth, abortion), reproductive tract infection (RTIs) and cancer, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), poorly regulated fertility, infertility, unwanted pregnancy and adolescent/teenage sexuality and pregnancy. Sexual health further entails a state of well-being in expression of sexuality, prevention of unwanted pregnancies, prevention of STIs and AIDS and freedom from sexual abuse and violence. Reproductive health is increasingly being recognized as one of the corner stones of health and a major determinant and indicator of human social development. It is central to general health as it reflects health in childhood and adolescence and sets the stage for health and life expectancy beyond the reproductive years. It is affected by other health aspects such as nutrition and environment, low birth weight, neonatal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. According to the WHO, reproductive health problems account for more than one third of the total burden of disease in women and more than 10 pc of that in men. The challenges posed by the subordinate status of women, the exclusion of men in reproductive health programmes and the need for shaping adolescents' sexual knowledge and behaviour are viewed against today's poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes in the context of Africa. Education systems, employers and policy makers are challenged to provide adequate STI/HIV education and on-site (school, work, satellite, drop in) control services. Prevention interventions, disease and health trends and their outcome require systematic research in order to impact on policy. Reproductive health education should be universal, especially for adolescents, and its impact assessed against appropriate monitoring criteria such as reproductive morbidity, STI prevalence and abortion complications.
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PMID:Reproductive and sexual health: a research and developmental challenge. 865 76

Children of substance abuse mothers have an increased risk of severe pathological disorders such as perinatal diseases (prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, infections) with their neurological and respiratory complications and sequelae, and transmission of drug addiction related infections, ie human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C virus, syphilis. Many of these children present a drug withdrawal syndrome characterized by restlessness and jetteriness during the neonatal period. This is frequently followed by a post withdrawal period of several weeks duration with crying, excitement, sleep and feeding difficulties. Although these drug withdrawal manifestations have no incidence on the vital prognosis, it severely impairs the mother-infant interaction. Despite these disorders it appears that the outcome of these children is mainly related to their familial environment which is exposed to many risk factors: mother-child separation, violence, delinquency, precariousness, unhealthy housing, prostitution, drug dependency, parental death or imprisonment... Early medico-psycho-social intervention starting during pregnancy and a prolonged support for several years are the only way to improve their spontaneously poor outcome.
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PMID:[Management of drug addict pregnant women and their children]. 918 Oct 22


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