Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that is highly prevalent worldwide and has been linked to preterm birth and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. In females, trichomoniasis causes vaginitis, while in males, it is frequently asymptomatic but can be a cause of urethritis. Control efforts have been hampered by the lack of a sensitive diagnostic technique for this infection in males. Men attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic for a new complaint were screened for Trichomonas vaginalis by culture and by PCR analysis of urine and urethral-swab specimens. The prevalence of Trichomonas determined by culture was 5% (15 of 300 specimens), compared to 17% (52 of 300) determined by PCR. Urine specimens yielded a greater number of positive results by PCR than did urethral-swab specimens. The sensitivity of PCR analysis of urine specimens in comparison to that of culture was 100%. The use of PCR techniques in urine specimen-based detection of T. vaginalis was highly sensitive and revealed a prevalence of infection more than three times that revealed by culture for men at high risk for STDs.
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PMID:Improved detection by DNA amplification of Trichomonas vaginalis in males. 1235 65

Aside from human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States today, yet it has long been regarded as a sexually transmitted infection of minor importance. Medical opinion has traditionally held that it plays little role in health complications in women, and it is rarely seen in men. However, evidence has recently accumulated implicating Trichomonas vaginalis as a contributor to a variety of adverse outcomes among both sexes. Among both women and men, the association of T vaginalis with human immunodeficiency acquisition and transmission has been shown in multiple studies. Among women, trichomoniasis may play a role in development of cervical neoplasia, postoperative infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes and as a factor in atypical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Among men, trichomoniasis has emerged as a cause of nongonoccocal urethritis and as contributing to male factor infertility. As evidence continues to accumulate, the time has come to increase diagnostic efforts beyond traditional sexually transmitted disease clinic settings.
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PMID:Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled? 1474 74

Variations in estimates of prevalence of trichomoniasis in men may reflect true differences in the burden of disease but are also affected by the performance of diagnostic methods and the type of specimen tested. In this study, men were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up, to evaluate syndromic management of urethritis and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus and trichomoniasis, in Lilongwe, Malawi. First-void urine specimens and urethral swabs were obtained at enrollment, for Trichomonas vaginalis culture; semen specimens were also obtained at follow-up. The sensitivities of testing methods using urine specimens and urethral swabs were equal; 67% of cases were identified by use of either specimen, and, in 47% of cases, both specimens tested positive. When semen specimens were included, all 3 specimens tested positive in only 19% of cases. Semen was the most sensitive single specimen, and, in 25.6% of cases, only semen specimens tested positive. Thus, prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in men is underestimated if only 1 specimen is tested.
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PMID:The use of specimens from various genitourinary sites in men, to detect Trichomonas vaginalis infection. 1512 31

Adenoviruses (ADVs) are causative agents of severe and extremely contagious ocular and genital infections associated with conjunctivitis, genital ulcers and urethritis. Yet, no functional antiviral compounds are currently available against adenoviral infections. We discovered halogen-substituted phenyl phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine (STV/d4T) as a new class of dual-function anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents with potent and selective anti-ADV activity. The lead compound, stampidine [5'-(4-bromophenyl methoxyalaninylphosphate)-2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine], was the most potent non-toxic dual-function antiviral agent. Stampidine displayed remarkable in vitro and in vivo anti-HIV activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HIV strains. Stampidine was non-cytotoxic and nonirritating to mucosal epithelial cells. Several preclinical studies conducted thus far, suggest that stampidine has clinical potential as a dual-function topical agent for the prevention and/or effective treatment of oculo-genital ADV/HIV infections.
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PMID:Stampidine: a selective oculo-genital microbicide. 1591 69

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease in industrialised countries, particularly among young people. The consequences of chlamydial infection may involve urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, epididymitis and prostatitis. In addition, chlamydial infection increases the risk of acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and has been associated with cervical cancer. Although screening programmes exist in a number of countries, the continuously increasing prevalence of chlamydial infections demonstrates the necessity for health authorities to establish effective screening policies, and the importance of defining a comprehensive European screening policy is emerging.
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PMID:Chlamydia trachomatis: time for screening? 1610 82

More than 20 years ago, Mycoplasma genitalium was first isolated from men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Some strains of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are associated with NGU or other genitourinary infections. It is reasonable to suggest that mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas may increase the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. This study investigated a rapid and reliable diagnostic method, based on a LightCycler SYBER green I real-time PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis, for detecting mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in urine from HIV-1-infected patients. Primers were designed to amplify a 711-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Positive PCR-amplified products were further sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbor joining of the V4 and V5 sequences from 15 prototypes strains. PCR-positive samples were detected in 17 (9.1%) urine samples, their prototypes being as follows: 2/17 (11.2%) M. genitalium, 1/17 (5.9%) M. hominis, 12/17 (70.6%) Ureaplasma urealyticum, 1/17 (5.9%) mixed M. genitalium and M. hominis, and 1/17 (5.9%) M. hominis and U. urealyticum, respectively. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma load for each specimen was 3.8 x 10 copies/ml to 7.2 x 10(3) copies/ml. Overall, this study demonstrates that real-time PCR and phylogenetic analysis are the fastest available methods for the detection of mycoplasmas in the urogenital tract.
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PMID:Quantitative detection and phylogeny-based identification of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive patients. 1650 86

Some of the sexually transmitted diseases' agents other than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) take an active part in transmission of HIV infection. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 18 HIV positive men without urethritis symptoms and in 70 HIV negative men with urethritis symptoms as control group. The urine samples were screened for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae in HIV positive men without urethritis symptoms was significantly higher than that in HIV negative men with urethritis symptoms (p<0.05). HIV positive individuals should be considered as a high-risk group in respect to the other sexually transmitted diseases, thus necessitating screening for N. gonorrhoeae in order to break the infectious chain in these patients.
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PMID:[Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in human immunodeficiency virus positive men without urethritis symptoms]. 1677 58

Reiter's syndrome is one of the reactive forms of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Various therapies used in the management of Reiter's syndrome are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as sulfasalazine (SSZ) or methotrexate (MTX). There is only one case report of successful treatment of Reiter's syndrome with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient (Gaylis N, 2003, J Rheumatol 30(2):407-411 Feb). We hereby report a case of Reiter's syndrome treated successfully with infliximab, an anti-TNF-alpha chimeric monoclonal antibody. A 28-year-old white male presented with painful swelling of right elbow and ankle joints, urethritis. and lesions involving skin of soles of feet and penis. Detailed work-up of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV, and systemic etiology were negative. Despite aggressive treatment with antibiotics, NSAIDS, prednisone, and MTX for 3 months, he had persistent synovitis and worsening of skin lesions. He was then treated with infliximab 200 mg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 6, and 14 weeks which resulted in complete resolution of arthritis and skin lesions within 6 weeks of infliximab therapy.
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PMID:Successful use of infliximab in the treatment of Reiter's syndrome: a case report and discussion. 1764 85

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in the world are sexually transmitted and quantities of HIV in genital fluids are an important transmission risk-determining factor. Estimating men's sexual HIV infectiousness from blood viral load hinges on the association between HIV in blood plasma (BPVL) and semen viral load (SVL). This article reviews research on the association between BPVL and SVL as reported in 19 empirical studies (N = 1226). Findings yielded a mean correlation between BPVL and SVL of 0.45 (SD = 0.20, median = 0.45, range = 0.07-.64). SVL was generally lower than BPVL, but this pattern was variable across studies. Co-occurring sexually transmitted infections (urethritis), nonsuppressive HIV treatments, and drug resistance account for the variability in observed correlations. HIV disease progression does not reliably influence the association between BPVL and SVL. Research is needed to determine the degree to which BPVL as well as SVL predict HIV transmission.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus viral load in blood plasma and semen: review and implications of empirical findings. 1821 25

The impact of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) on male fertility is strongly dependent on the local prevalence of the STDs. In Western countries STD-infections are of minor relevance. In other regions, i.e. Africa or South East Asia, the situation appears to be different. Acute urethritis could not be associated with male infertility. Chronic infections (gonorrhoea) can cause urethral strictures and epididymo-orchitis. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea can be transmitted to the female partner and cause pelvic inflammatory disease with tubal obstruction. Ureaplasma urealyticum may impair spermatozoa (motility, DNA condensation). Trichomonas vaginalis has, if any, only minor influence on male fertility. The relevance of viral infections (HPV, HSV) for male infertility is not resolved. Any STD increases the chances of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV infection is associated with infectious semen and the risk of virus transmission. Semen quality deteriorates with the progression of immunodeficiency. Special counselling of serodiscordant couples is needed. STDs should be treated early and adequately to prevent late sequelae for both men and women.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections: impact on male fertility. 1833 53


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