Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vaccine-preventable diseases cause needless sickness and death in adult Americans. Most adults 65 years of age or older have not been immunized against influenza or pneumococcal disease. In addition to an age of 65 years or older, indications for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hemodynamically significant cardiac disease and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Many adults in the United States also are not sufficiently protected against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps and rubella.
 ...
PMID:Adult immunizations--a practical approach for clinicians: Part I. 788 62

Strong specific T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp160 were induced by immunization with recombinant gp160 (rgp160). It was given as postinfection vaccination to 40 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive patients. The participants received 6 doses of 160 micrograms rgp160 administered intramuscularly at 0, 1, 4, 8, 17, and 26 weeks and were monitored for 1 year. Lymphocyte proliferation was performed by cultivating lymphoid cells in vitro with specific antigens and mitogens. After immunization with gp160, specific T-cell proliferative responses were induced in all 40 patients. One week after the sixth immunization at day 180, a substantially increased response was detected in 98% of the patients, with a mean stimulation index value of 195. Furthermore, proliferative responses were also identified, after immunization, against native gp120 and against a peptide representing the V3 region of gp120. In addition to the HIV-specific T-cell responses, increased reactivity to several other non-HIV antigens, including tetanus toxoid, influenza, measles, and cytomegalovirus, were seen after gp160 vaccination. The responses to CMV and measles were interpreted to represent an improved recall antigen response. Such recall antigen responses were few in matched HIV-infected controls immunized with influenza virus only. All patients initially and repeatedly showed a normal capacity of total T-cell activation, evaluated by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The trend in CD4 counts improved in 30 of 40 patients during the year of follow-up. The frequency of increases of proliferative responses to antigens was associated with a better CD4 trend. Addition of zidovudine for 2 weeks after each immunization had no beneficial effects nor did it prevent induction of immune responses. All patients tolerated the immunizations well, and no systemic adverse effects were noted. This is a phase I trial, and no definitive conclusions regarding clinical efficacy can be reached.
 ...
PMID:Improved cell-mediated immune responses in HIV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals after immunization with envelope glycoprotein gp160. 790

The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disease states, including Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections. In the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), it has been suggested that IL-10 may have a deleterious effect by suppressing cell-mediated immunity. However, there are few data on its direct effects on HIV-1 replication. In the present study, we have found that recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10), present during days 0 through 2, potently inhibits HIV production in elutriated monocyte/macrophage (M/M) cultures with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of approximately 0.03 U/mL. This effect did not appear to be caused by toxicity to M/M because there was no change in cell viability, ability to phagocytose latex beads, or protein synthesis as measured by [3H]-leucine incorporation, at doses of rhIL-10 that inhibit viral replication. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-induced production of IL-1 beta, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was not affected at these doses, nor were human mononuclear cell proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, OKT3 antibody, or tetanus toxoid. HIV-1 replication was similarly decreased by rhIL-10 in the monocytoid line U937 without signs of cellular toxicity. However, these effects required much higher concentrations of rhIL-10, and viral production was only partially suppressed. rhIL-10 also slightly inhibited HIV-induced cytopathicity in ATH-8, a tetanus toxoid-specific, retrovirally immortalized T-cell line, but had no effect on HIV replication in the H9 and MOLT-4 T cell lines. Thus, rhIL-10 appears to inhibit HIV replication predominantly in cells of the M/M lineage. This effect may serve to reduce viral production in patients with AIDS. However, additional studies will be needed to more precisely define its physiologic role in this disease.
 ...
PMID:Interleukin-10 suppresses human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication in vitro in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. 791 40

This study was performed in 27 HIV-1+ children to characterize the IgA hyperglobulinaemia observed in the serum during the course of HIV-1 infection. By contrast with serum IgG, which increased very early, IgA elevation was related to the decrease of CD4+ cell percentage. It was demonstrated that IgA1 subclass increased selectively. Secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgA and IgG activity to gliadin, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and at a lower level to casein could be detected in the serum at the early stages of HIV infection, but SIgA levels and IgA activity to gliadin further increased during the course of immunodeficiency. By contrast, IgA and IgG activity to tetanus toxoid did not change. These data demonstrate that the hyper IgA, closely related to the degree of immunodeficiency, could be due in part to a disturbance of the gut mucosal immune system. Moreover, impaired intestinal immunity seems to appear very early, and to progress during the course of paediatric HIV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Early impairment of gut mucosal immunity in HIV-1-infected children. 791 75

Specific pathogen-free cats were experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and subsequently exposed to common infectious pathogens and immune stimuli over a 3-year period. Cats with preexisting FIV infection showed signs of disease after exposure to Haemobartonella felis, Toxoplasma gondii, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus similar to signs in non-FIV-infected cats, although they were more severe. No adverse effects of immunization with inactivated rabies virus vaccine and a synthetic polyproline immunogen were observed in either FIV-infected or non-FIV-infected cats, whereas the application of a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine caused transient fever and lymphadenopathy in both groups of animals. Primary immune responses to pathogens or immunogens were usually delayed or diminished in FIV-infected compared with non-FIV-infected cats. Repeated infections and immune activation had no significant effects on the levels of FIV-specific antibodies or on the proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) containing FIV proviral DNA. However, FIV-infected cats that were not exposed to immune stimuli had lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte numbers and lower CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios at the end of the 3-year study than FIV-infected cats exposed to cofactors. The latter also had normal levels of interleukin-3 receptor (IL-2R) and major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) antigen expression on PBMCs, while FIV-infected cats not exposed to cofactors had up-regulated IL-2R and down-regulated MHC-II antigen expression. It was concluded that repeated immune stimulation did not have a deleterious effect on the course of FIV-induced immunodeficiency.
 ...
PMID:Effects of incidental infections and immune activation on disease progression in experimentally feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats. 791 48

A total of 479 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons at an HIV clinic in Florida and a tuberculosis clinic in New Jersey were skin-tested with tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, mumps antigen, and Candida antigen in a study of the prevalence of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) anergy and the usefulness of two-step tuberculin testing in this population. Of the patients tested, 12% had a positive (> or = 5-mm) response to tuberculin; 57%, 45%, and 35% had a positive (> or = 3-mm) response to Candida antigen, tetanus toxoid, and mumps antigen, respectively; and 31% were anergic (< 3 mm of induration in response to each antigen). In a multivariate logistic regression model, anergy was significantly associated with a history of Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, or oral candidiasis and with White race. Anergy was four times and 15 times as likely for persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of 200-400/mm3 and < 200/mm3, respectively, as for persons with > 499 CD4+ T lymphocytes/mm3. Of 103 patients who were tuberculin-tested a second time after their initial test result was negative, seven had > or = 5 mm of induration in response to the second test; only one of these patients was anergic at the initial screening. The findings of this study indicate that DTH antigens should be used in conjunction with tuberculin testing and that two-step tuberculin testing is not an alternative to anergy testing but may be useful for the detection of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in nonanergic HIV-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons screened for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 794 54

Soluble proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The addition of synthetic Tat peptides, but not that of the recombinant Nef or Vif protein, inhibited proliferative responses of CD4+ tetanus antigen-specific, exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2)-independent T-cell clones in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Tat peptides inhibited the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced proliferative responses of both purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Tat did not affect proliferative responses induced by phorbol myristate acetate plus ionomycin. The Tat peptides at the concentrations used (0.1 to 3 micrograms/ml) did not affect the viability of the cells as determined by trypan blue exclusion. Treatment of Tat peptides with polyclonal Tat antibodies abrogated the inhibitory effect of Tat. Soluble Tat proteins secreted by HeLa cells transfected with the tat gene also inhibited antigen-induced proliferation of the T-cell clones. Tat inhibited the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced IL-2 mRNA expression and IL-2 secretion but did not affect IL-2 receptor alpha-chain mRNA or protein expression on peripheral blood T cells. Finally, treatment of T-cell clones with the Tat peptide did not affect the antigen-induced increase in intracellular calcium, hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol to inositol trisphosphate, or translocation of protein kinase C from the cytosol to the membrane. These studies demonstrate that the mechanism of the Tat-mediated inhibition of T-cell functions involves a phospholipase C gamma 1-independent pathway.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus Tat induces functional unresponsiveness in T cells. 798 46

Mouse monoclonal antibodies with high human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing titers were used for passive immunotherapy of eleven late-state HIV-infected patients. In five patients the serum level of the core protein p24 decreased, while in five cases it remained unchanged. The level of viral RNA in plasma as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) decreased in four cases, was stable in another four, and increased in three cases. An anti-mouse (HAMA) response developed in eight patients and anti-idiotypic antibodies appeared in six. Immune complexes that formed in patient sera during the treatment were shown to contain mostly envelope glycoprotein gp120 which decreased in nine of the eleven treated patients toward the end of treatment. Antibodies inhibiting gp120 binding to CD4 became detectable or increased in six patients during immunotherapy. Serology of the HIV-1 V3 region was studied for both the HIV-1 IIIB and MN strains with no or very small changes in titer or avidity after treatment. No change in neutralizing titers to strain HTLVIIIB was observed in serum samples collected before and after treatment was terminated. In nine of the eleven patients stimulation of the T lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro when activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was shown to be increased compared to before treatment. Increased T-cell proliferation was also noted with several antigens such as HIV-1 recombinant antigens, cytomegalovirus (CMV), tetanus toxoid (TT), and purified protein derivate of mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD). These findings indicate a decreased total gp120 content in serum, permitting better T-cell activation.
 ...
PMID:Immunological and virological interactions in patients receiving passive immunotherapy with HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. 805 20

Immune response in a six-year-old girl with a rare complement defect, namely selective complete C1q deficiency, was studied. Her cell-mediated immune response (delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, E, EAC rosettes, in vitro lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin), isohemagglutinin titers, serum immunoglobulin levels, antibody titers to tetanus, Epstein-Barr virus, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, pneumococcus and bacteriophage 0 x 174 were all normal. However, she had abnormal kinetics of the antibody response to bacteriophage following primary and secondary immunizations. Her antibody titers reached a peak four weeks after primary immunization and three weeks after secondary immunization, while the titers of controls peaked at two weeks and one week, respectively. In this study we could not prove the hypothesis that defective antibody response caused recurrent infections in this patient. An alternative hypothesis is the possible role of defective clearance of immune complexes in the development of severe infections. Patients with selective complete C1q deficiency form immune complexes with bacterial or viral antigens, thus activating the classical complement pathway. As a result, very low C1q levels decrease even further, leading to a severe immunodeficiency and recurrent infections. Future studies in this area may help to explain the mechanism(s) responsible for infections in this rare type of complement defect.
 ...
PMID:Studies of immune response in a patient with selective complete C1q deficiency. 816 58

Tetanus is an infection caused by Clostridium tetani. In the United States, tetanus remains a significant problem primarily among nonimmunized or inadequately immunized individuals. This article reports a fatal case of tetanus that occurred in a 45-year-old parenteral drug abuser who presented to Harlem Hospital Center with nuchal rigidity, trismus, dysphagia, and spasms of the pectoralis musculature. Multiple cutaneous ulcerations also were observed. Despite aggressive measures that included: endotracheal intubation, administration of human tetanus, hyperimmune globulin, tetanus toxoid, and intravenous penicillin, the patient rapidly deteriorated and manifestations of heightened sympathetic nervous system activity, seizures, and cardiac arrest ensued. The diagnosis of tetanus must be based upon clinical grounds. Clinicians must remain aware of the possibility of tetanus, especially among drug abusers who also are more likely to be evaluated for complications of human immunodeficiency viral infection, which in some cases may mimic tetanus or make the diagnosis more difficult to establish.
 ...
PMID:Tetanus in a parenteral drug abuser: report of a case. 818 56


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10