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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is not clear whether the accessory function of monocytes from subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) is intact. In this study, the accessory function of monocytes from healthy subjects (n = 9) and subjects with AIDS (n = 4) and PGL (n = 5) was assessed by adding graded numbers of monocytes to lymphocytes stimulated with either tetanus toxoid or phytohemagglutinin. By nonparametric analysis, it was determined that a significantly greater number of monocytes was required for half-maximal responses of lymphocytes from subjects with PGL (for tetanus toxid but not phytohemagglutinin) and from those with AIDS, compared with healthy subjects. To address whether this observed difference was a result of a defect in accessory function of monocytes or a result of altered responsiveness of lymphocytes, a mixing experiment was performed between monocytes and lymphocytes obtained from a patient with PGL but without symptoms and an HLA-D-matched healthy sib. Dysfunction of both monocytes and lymphocytes was evident. Thus, this report provides data that monocytes in HIV infection are defective in accessory function for lymphocyte responses to soluble stimuli. We speculate that such dysfunction of monocytes may contribute to the progressive disturbance of the immune response that occurs during HIV infection.
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PMID:Defective accessory function of monocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-related disease syndromes. 326 Sep 32

Infection of monocyte-macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus may be central to the pathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The ability of infected macrophages to prime T cells through IL-1 production was investigated in vitro. Purified human monocytes maintained in suspension culture were infected with strain HIV-DV. Intracellular expression of virus p24 antigen increased from undetectable levels immediately after infection to 13-59% of cells by 10-14 d; infected macrophages remained viable for up to 60 d. Supernatants collected between 14 and 20 d after infection were examined in the murine thymocyte co-mitogenesis assay and demonstrated to contain a potent IL-1 inhibitor, designated contra-IL-1. Contra-IL-1 activity was present in all supernatants examined after 4 d of infection, and peaked coincident with peak p24 antigen expression. Inhibitory activity was not present in uninfected cells. Contra-IL-1 activity eluted after gel filtration with an approximate molecular weight of 9 kD. Inhibitory activity was removed by exposure to heat or acid pH, or by incubation with chymotrypsin or staphylococcal V8 protease. Contra-IL-1 did not inhibit IL-2- or IL-4-dependent proliferation of murine T cell lines. Despite its ability to inhibit IL-1 activity, contra-IL-1 did not interfere with the binding of recombinant IL-1 beta to a fibroblast cell line. Contra-IL-1 inhibited the proliferation of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells to both concanavalin A and tetanus toxoid; inhibition could be attenuated by the addition of exogenous IL-1. Messenger RNA extracted from infected macrophages was examined by Northern analysis for the presence of message to IL-1 beta. No message was apparent, suggesting that the presence of contra-IL-1 was not obscuring the concomitant release of IL-1. Infected macrophages stimulated with endotoxin generated readily detectable message for IL-1 beta. Spleen macrophages purified from two patients with AIDS complicated by immune thrombocytopenia spontaneously expressed p24 antigen in vitro and released contra-IL-1 activity into the media. Contra-IL-1 may contribute to the immune dysfunction of AIDS.
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PMID:Release of interleukin 1 inhibitory activity (contra-IL-1) by human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in vivo. 326 91

We measured serum aspartate transaminase (AST) concentration and serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA concentration in homosexual men with chronic HBV infection and a spectrum of immune deficiency as a result of exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Serum AST and HBV DNA concentrations were similar in patients with varying immune function as indicated by in vivo criteria (diagnosis and skin tests reactivity) and in vitro criteria (lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens and Candida and tetanus antigens) and were unrelated to the number of circulating T cells, suppressor/cytotoxic cells, helper cells, natural killer cells, and the helper:suppressor ratio. Serum AST concentration and indices of cellular immune function were similar in patients with varying HBV replicative activity (high and low HBV DNA concentrations). The observed lack of relationship between serum AST concentration and indices of cellular immune function and HBV replication suggests either that other factors determine the severity of hepatic inflammation in chronic HBV infection, or that currently available tests of cellular immune function and HBV replicative activity do not accurately reflect processes in the liver.
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PMID:Hepatic inflammation, hepatitis B replication, and cellular immune function in homosexual males with chronic hepatitis B and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. 334 28

Unresponsiveness to skin testing with PPD and tetanus toxoid was commonly seen in patients with haemophilia A but not infected with human immunodeficiency virus but was uncommon in controls. Vaccination history indicated that the unresponsive patients had not been immunised in childhood. Other tests of immune competence (skin tests with other antigens, lymphocyte stimulation with mitogens and antigens, and viral serology) showed that the haemophilia A patients had an adequate response to pathogens to which they had been exposed. Five of 12 such patients had a mild T4 lymphopenia, and this may have been related to parenteral administration of large quantities of protein.
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PMID:Unresponsiveness to skin testing with bacterial antigens in patients with haemophilia A not apparently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 349 42

Five asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive male homosexuals were immunized with the recall antigens tetanus toxoid (TT) and the three types of poliovirus present in diphtheria, tetanus, and polio vaccine. Four weeks after immunization, the in vivo response to booster immunization, the in vitro pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced IgG secretion, and the in vitro T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigen-induced antibody response were assayed. Increase in serum antibody titer to TT and poliovirus was low and normal, respectively. In all five subjects studied, a high rate of spontaneous IgG production, including antibodies directed toward HIV was observed. Addition of PWM to the cultures induced suppression of the spontaneous IgG secretion. Only one donor showed a slightly increased IgG production after stimulation with PWM. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four of the five HIV-seropositive individuals did not produce TT, or poliovirus-specific antibodies when stimulated with the respective T cell-dependent antigens. However, stimulation of these peripheral blood mononuclear cells with TT coupled to agarose beads, which was shown to be T cell-independent, resulted in the generation of IgG anti-TT antibody-forming cells.
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PMID:Analysis of the antigen- and mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes from asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive male homosexuals. Discrepancy between T cell-dependent and T cell-independent activation. 349 62

Tolerance, clinical effects and kinetics of an unmodified immunoglobulin preparation for intravenous use were investigated in 4 patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Previously, good tolerance of the preparation had been found in 49 immunologically normal patients. The four patients with secondary humoral immunodeficiency received doses of 140-360 mg IgG/kg per infusion as outpatients at monthly intervals. With one exception, no acute infections (pneumonitis), as commonly seen before, were observed during the observation time of 24 to 68 weeks, and the pre-existing chronic infections (bronchitis, sinusitis etc.) remained compensated without antibiotics. In all four patients tolerance of the preparation was good. In all cases of hypogammaglobulinemia a dose-dependent increase in the serum IgG concentration was observed immediately after the infusion. However, persistence of the serum IgG increase showed considerable interindividual differences. The half life of the tetanus and HBs antibodies (21.7 to 34.4 and 19.7 to 25.7 days respectively) found in 4 healthy volunteers is within the biological range. This indicates an unmodified structure of the antibodies of the IgG class contained in the preparation used.
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PMID:[Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation in immunologically normal subjects and tolerability in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia resulting from chronic lymphatic leukemia]. 351 30

Pre- and post-immunization serum antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides (PPS) and tetanus toxoid (TT) were measured in 25 patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and serum antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The increase in post-immunization anti-PPS antibodies was lower than 40% in 16/25 patients. Isotype analysis indicated that the IgM, IgA, IgG2, but not the IgG1 antibody responses were lower in patients that in healthy controls, whereas pre-immunization values were similar. For TT, no difference was found between the patients and the healthy group in total and IgG1 antibody response whereas IgG4 response was lower in patients. No significant association was found between the defect in anti-PPS antibody response and associated thrush or constitutional symptoms or other immunological parameters. These findings suggest that defective response to a thymo-independent polysaccharide antigen is a distinctive consequence of HIV infection.
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PMID:Impaired anti-pneumococcal antibody response in patients with AIDS-related persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. 365 22

Ninety-six institutionalized elderly (greater than 70 years old) (mean age: 82 +/- 7 years) subjects, negative for tetanus toxoid antibodies were primed with tetanus toxoid vaccination and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Correlations were studied between some immunological parameters, nutritional parameters prior to immunization and the immune response intensity after it. Levels of tetanus toxoid specific IgG (ELISA assay) were positively correlated with monocyte phagocytosis, DNCB response and prealbumin levels, and negatively correlated with total IgG, monocyte immune degradation and tetanus toxoid lymphocyte stimulation. No correlation was observed with IgA, IgM, PHA stimulation. Tetanus toxoid lymphocyte stimulation correlated positively with response to DNCB, and negatively with tetanus toxoid IgG as well as total IgG. DNCB response correlated with prealbumin, tetanus toxoid IgG and tetanus toxoid lymphocyte stimulation. Therefore, it appears that malnutrition, as measured by prealbumin level, is one of the main factors contributing to the inconstant senile immunodeficiency. Monocyte antigenic degradation function unaltered with age can impair immune response while conserved or increased phagocytosis enhances immune response in the elderly. High total IgG levels were linked with low specific responses to priming antigens. High specific antibody levels also correlated negatively with cellular specific response. It is assumed that regulatory IgG antibody accumulation, likely anti-idiotypic antibodies, play an important role in senile immunological depletion.
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PMID:Respective roles of immune and nutritional factors in the priming of the immune response in the elderly. 387 21

The effects of short-term acute nutritional deprivation and refeeding on immune function was investigated in rats. Animals previously sensitized to keyhole-limpet hemocyanin were starved for 72 hours and refed for 7 days. Recall skin testing with keyhole-limpet hemocyanin and immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) were used to assess delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral immune responses. DTH was maximally depressed late, after refeeding had begun. Anti-TT responses were depressed early during starvation. Neither DTH nor anti-TT responses had returned to normal after a period of refeeding sufficient to restore weight. The data indicate that short-term acute nutritional deprivation may contribute to acquired immunodeficiency in patients undergoing surgery.
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PMID:Malnutrition and humoral immunity: short-term acute nutritional deprivation. 404 48

Relatively pure populations of human T and B lymphocytes were obtained from blood and tonsils using density gradient centrifugation in bovine serum albumin. Antigen alone was incapable of triggering the B lymphocyte into blast transformation or to secrete antibody. However, supernatants from tetanus toxoid-stimulated T cells obtained from immune donors contained a factor mitogenic for B lymphocytes. 50-60% of B cells responded to this lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF) by proliferation, loss of C3 reactivity, and change to a secretory state. LMF-stimulated B cells exhibited a three- to fivefold increase in protein secretion and a six- to eightfold increase in gamma G globulin secretion. De novo secreted IgG had specificity directed to the tetanus toxoid present in the LMF containing T-cell supernatants. This was confirmed by an increase in the number of indirect plaque-forming cells to tetanus toxoid-coated sheep red blood cells after stimulation of B cells with LMF. It is proposed that in the course of the response to a previously encountered protein antigen, sensitized human T cells emit a signal in the form of a soluble product that, together with antigen, triggers B cells into division and antibody secretion. The experimental model utilized can be adapted to study human T-B cell cooperation under various conditions in normal individuals and in individuals with immunodeficiency diseases.
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PMID:Interaction of human thymus-derived and non-thymus-derived lymphocytes in vitro. Induction of proliferation and antibody synthesis in B lymphocytes by a soluble factor released from antigen-stimulated T lymphocytes. 420 Jul 76


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