Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human retroviral infections result in significant neoplastic disease. Human T cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is associated with the development of acute T cell leukemia with characteristic hypercalcemia and skin lesions after many years of chronic infection of CD4+ cells. HTLV-I also produces myelopathy. A minor T cell immunodeficiency occurs in HTLV-I acute T cell leukemia with associated strongyloidiasis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Human T cell lymphotropic virus II (HTLV-II) is found to be endemic in Amerindians and intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and has been linked to some cases of hairy-cell leukemia. HTLV-II infects the CD8+ population, with significant cell-associated viremia. Clinical neurological disease is rare, with one patient with myelopathy having been described. Immunodeficiency does not seem to occur. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces aggressive large cell and Burkitt's lymphoma in as many as 10% of HIV-1-infected patients. More than 20% of homosexual men infected with HIV-1 develop Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The pathogenesis of KS is better understood through studying KS-like cell lines that induce angiogenic factors. In some patients HIV-1 and HTLV-I or HTLV-II infections occur concomitantly. HIV-1 accelerates the tumorigenesis of HTLV-I and produces unusual skin diseases when combined with HTLV-II. Immunodeficiency occurs in all HIV-1-infected patients.
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PMID:Human retroviruses and neoplastic disease. 790 70

Eight clinical cases of patients with an atypical strongyloidiasis are reported. The clinical notes are reviewed, the nematode is demonstrated by serial coproparasitologic modified Baermann's method and in some cases, the parasite is found by direct test of sputum or enterotest. In all cases, the main factor has been the immunological deficiency being this nutritional, neoplasia, autoimmune disease, immunosuppression therapy, although the most frequent is the moderate to severe, nutritional failure, differing with the foreign literature. All of them had a good clinical evolution using Albendazole in high doses or Ivermectin. It is concluded that systemic strongyloidiasis has a clear physiopathological base in relation to cellular immunodeficiency and this must be carefully search in our patients, where the chronic autoinfection is a frequent clinical status, and there are immersed in some type of immunodeficiency, in our environment this is usually nutritional.
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PMID:[Atypical presentations of strongyloidiasis: a report of 8 cases]. 801 96

Adult T cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATL) was first discovered and reported in Japan, where it has a high incidence in the south-west region. The first human retrovirus HTLV-I (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I) is considered to be related to its aetiology. In ATL endemic areas, HTLV-I carriers form a fairly high percentage of the population, even among healthy individuals. ATL shows diverse clinical features. It can be divided into four subtypes: acute, chronic, smouldering and lymphoma type. ATL cells originate from the CD4-positive subset of peripheral T cells; they show a characteristic notch in the nucleus and a tendency to lobulation. ATL resists chemotherapy, and patients with acute and lymphoma types have a fairly poor prognosis. A definite diagnosis of ATL is made by documenting the presence of HTLV-I proviral DNA in the DNA of tumour cells. HTLV-I infection is caused by transmission of live lymphocytes via three routes (from mother to child, from males to females, and by transfusion). Familial occurrence of ATL is frequently seen. HTLV-I infection is seen in other countries, but its incidence is highest in Japan. Infection with HTLV-I is a direct cause of ATL. Furthermore, infection with this virus can indirectly cause many other diseases via the induction of immunodeficiency, such as chronic lung disease, opportunistic lung infection, cancer of other organs, monoclonal gammopathy, chronic renal failure, strongyloidiasis, non-specific dermatomycosis, HTLV-I-associated lymphadenitis, HTLV-I uveitis and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy-tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
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PMID:Adult T cell leukaemia-lymphoma. 803 96

The patient was a 75-year-old male, who simultaneously showed symptoms of bacterial meningitis during steroid treatment for erythroderma and symptoms of respiratory failure. Based on ground-glass shadows in both lungs on chest X ray, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out and strongyloides was detected. In addition to strongyloidiasis, the patient was shown to have the complication of pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia after PC DNA was detected in BAL fluid using a PCR assay. When other causes for immunodeficiency affecting the incidence of opportunistic infection were investigated, the ATL virus was detected in peripheral blood cells and monoclonal amplification was indicated, though the presence of anti-ATL antibody was negative. According to the results, this patient was found to have early stage adult T cell leukemia. In conclusion, we treated this adult T cell leukemia patient who had strongyloidiasis and amplification of PC DNA in BAL and for which the PCR assay, a new technology used for diagnosing PC pneumonia, was considered to be effective.
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PMID:[A case of adult T cell leukemia complicated with strongyloidiasis and amplification of pneumocystis carinii DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid]. 804 Oct 45

We present a case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection complicated by Streptococcus bovis meningitis and bacteremia and severe Strongyloides stercoralis colitis. The association between S. bovis infection and strongyloidiasis has not been described previously. This case highlights the importance of searching for larvae of S. stercoralis as part of the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract of patients with bacteremia or meningitis due to certain enteric organisms. The role of HIV infection in the development of severe S. stercoralis colitis in association with S. bovis bacteremia and meningitis is unclear.
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PMID:Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and meningitis associated with Strongyloides stercoralis colitis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 816 38

Nine adult male homosexuals who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (five with AIDS-defining conditions) and harbored Strongyloides stercoralis received ivermectin on a compassionate basis for persistent intestinal infection. Hyperinfection was present in all cases. Ivermectin was given either as a single oral dose (200 micrograms/kg) or on a multidose schedule (200 micrograms/kg.d) on days 1, 2, 15, and 16. All seven patients who received multiple doses showed sustained clinical and parasitological cure, whereas one of two patients who received single-dose therapy relapsed promptly and fatally. Remissions have been maintained for at least 7 months and up to 3 years of follow-up. Ivermectin appears promising in the treatment of strongyloidiasis in patients with AIDS. Because of the risk of hyperinfection and/or disseminated disease, multidose courses are warranted. We are not aware of other reports describing the efficacy of antiparasitic drugs for strongyloidiasis in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of strongyloidiasis complicating AIDS. 1283 Apr 26

Cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis are intestinal infections caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli, respectively. HIV infection and other immunodeficiency diseases predispose human subjects to severe and prolonged cryptosporidiosis. There is also evidence that HIV infection predisposes to chronic isosporiasis. Strongyloidiasis is caused by a nematode worm, Strongyloides stercoralis. Administration of corticosteroids to patients with chronic low-grade S. stercoralis infection can trigger a fulminant, life-threatening form of strongyloidiasis.
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PMID:Parasitic diseases in immunocompromised hosts. Cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and strongyloidiasis. 886 46

In the last two decades, major immunodeficiency syndromes have strongly influenced medical parasitology. Some animal parasitoses, once unknown in human medicine, have become zoonotic and sometimes anthroponotic. In other cases, the clinical evolution of human parasitoses has been severely aggravated and/or modified in immunodeficient patients especially in toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and scabies. The parasites implicated are varied (protozoa, helminths and even Acaridae) but have in common the capacity to reproduce in or on the human host. These immunodeficiency syndromes are often related to AIDS but other major immunodepressions, such as post-therapeutically in organ transplantation, may also be responsible and raise difficult problems for prevention. The munological mechanisms involved are not always well understood. In addition, genetic predisposition factors, gradually becoming better-understood in parasites and man, complete and complicate our understanding of the immunological mechanisms.
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PMID:Parasitic diseases and immunodeficiencies. 1144 98

A 58-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative, male farmer presented with a right-sided hemorrhagic, exudative, eosinophilic, rapidly reaccumulating pleural effusion. Pleural biopsy revealed secondary deposits from a squamous cell carcinoma. Wet mount film of pleural fluid unexpectedly showed filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Our observation suggests that strongyloidiasis should be considered as the etiological cause for pleural effusion of obscure etiology. The threshold for suspicion should be high if the pleural effusion is exudative and eosinophil rich.
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PMID:Eosinophilic pleural effusion and presence of filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma deposits in the pleura. 1271 35

In May 2001, the World Health Assembly (WHA) estimated that two billion people were infected by soil-transmitted helminths (S-THs) and schistosomiasis, worldwide. The WHA urged member states to recognise that there can be synergy between public health control programmes for S-THs, schistosomiasis and other diseases. This is particularly relevant to the new dimension created by the HIV/AIDS epidemics in the same impoverished communities and countries where helminthiasis is hyperendemic. Immunological adaptation between humans and parasitic helminths has developed during evolution. Review of 109 research papers, 76% (83/109) of which, were published between 1995 and February 2002, revealed increasing evidence that this relationship may have created an opportunity for more rapid infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as quicker progression to AIDS. Moreover, the efficacy of some vaccines against HIV is likely to be impaired by chronic helminthiasis. For this, there is strong, indirect evidence. There is an urgent need for parasitologists, epidemiologists, immunologists and virologists to undertake comprehensive, transdisciplinary research. On the other hand, there is no current evidence that immunosuppression by HIV facilitates helminthic infection. The situation in regard to strongyloidiasis, however, is not yet clear.
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PMID:Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. 1274 48


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