Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 2-year period 5 men positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presented with 6 testis tumors among a total of 3,015 men seen at our hospital acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) clinic. This testis tumor incidence of 0.2% is 57 times that of the United States average of 3.5 cases per 100,000 men. Two patients were only HIV positive and 3 others already had AIDS-related complex for 2 to 15 months at the time of tumor diagnosis. Tumor histology was mixed germ cell tumor in 4 patients, pure seminoma in 1 and Burkitt's lymphoma in 1. Patients underwent routine staging evaluations. Three patients had low stage mixed germ cell tumor (clinical stage 1 or 2A) and underwent retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, which revealed pathological stage 1 or 2A disease in 1 and 2, respectively. These patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Two patients had advanced mixed germ cell tumor (clinical stage 2C) or Burkitt's lymphoma (clinical stage 4) and received combination chemotherapy from the onset. Outcome was evaluated with regard to progression of HIV disease and tumor status. The 2 patients who were only HIV positive remained so for 9 and 48 months. The 3 patients with AIDS-related complex had progression to AIDS within 1 to 9 months and 2 of these patients died 1 1/2 and 7 months after tumor diagnosis. All 3 patients with resected low stage disease had tumor recurrence within 1 to 9 months and were begun on platinum-based combination chemotherapy. The risk of false low clinical staging and early tumor progression may be higher in HIV positive men than in other testis tumor patients. Patient ability to tolerate chemotherapy and to obtain a satisfactory tumor response appeared to be primarily related to lack of progression of HIV disease to frank AIDS.
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PMID:Testicular tumors in men with human immunodeficiency virus. 155 81

A wide variety of pathologies afflicting the genitourinary tract can be displayed by patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including both infective and neoplastic conditions. Treatment can often be offered for such conditions using a combination of therapeutic approaches. These conditions should be looked for specifically in patients with HIV infection as treatment may improve their quality of life. A case is presented of a testicular seminoma (appearing in association with an intracranial mass and Kaposi's sarcoma) in a male patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); he made a good response to orchiectomy and radiotherapy for his seminoma. A short review is also given of the range of HIV-associated genitourinary pathologies which have been described to date.
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PMID:Urological manifestations of HIV-related disease. A case of AIDS-associated testicular seminoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and possible intracranial lymphoma. 200 34

Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at increased risk for certain malignancies. Because acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and testicular cancer affect primarily young men, the potential complications that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome might impose raise significant concern. To address this question we performed a retrospective review of all cases of testicular cancer during an 11-year period. Of 140 patients 6 had human immunodeficiency virus infection and 7 were from human immunodeficiency virus risk groups. All cases were either stage I or II disease with seminoma in 8, teratocarcinoma in 3, embryonal cell carcinoma in 1 and teratoma in 1. The clinical presentations of these patients were comparable to those of patients without human immunodeficiency virus risk factors. The majority of the patients received standard therapy, including orchiectomy followed by lymphadenectomy, radiation therapy or chemotherapy depending on stage and pathological subtype. Patients tolerated therapy well with only 1 course of radiation therapy complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. All patients achieved complete remission and none died of testicular cancer. Since treatment of these patients may worsen the immunosuppression, surveillance is recommended after orchiectomy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with stage I disease. However, the majority of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection should receive standard therapy.
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PMID:Testicular carcinoma in patients positive and at risk for human immunodeficiency virus. 223 90

Non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining neoplasms are being increasingly recognized in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of Hodgkin's disease and seminoma has recently been reported to be increasing in these patients. This article describes the second case of breast cancer in an HIV-infected male patient. A total of 11 cases of coincident breast cancer and HIV infection have previously been reported. It may be prudent to consider breast cancer in the differential diagnosis of an axillary mass in an HIV-infected patient.
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PMID:Breast cancer in a man with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 927 5

Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses which can transcribe RNA to DNA and integrate into the chromosomal DNA of their host cell. Heritable integrations give rise to endogenous retroviral sequences (ERVs). The rest is exogenous, infecting from individual to individual. This survey highlights an emerging scenario in human retrovirology. Humans have thousands of distinct ERVs. Although most are damaged by mutations, many are expressed as RNA, a few also as proteins and viral particles. The latter are not known to be infectious. Obviously, human ancestors encountered many different exogenous retroviruses, some of which may still be extant. In fact, an exogenous retrovirus related to ERVs was recently discovered. It is the fifth human exogenous retrovirus, human retrovirus 5 (HRV-5). It succeeds the two human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) and the two human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs). The newly discovered endogenous and exogenous human retroviruses are now being investigated for association with disease. There are indications of selective ERV activation in multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and seminoma. HRV-5 has been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is not yet known whether these first observations signal a pathogenic role for the newly discovered retroviruses.
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PMID:[Newly discovered human retroviruses. Association with disease is still undetermined]. 1103 80

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are among the most common malignancies in young men. We have previously documented that patients with GCT frequently produce serum antibodies directed against proteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) type K sequences. Transcripts originating from the env gene of HERV-K, including the rec-relative of human immunodeficiency virus rev, are highly expressed in GCTs. We report here that mice that inducibly express HERV-K rec show a disturbed germ cell development and may exhibit, by 19 months of age, changes reminiscent of carcinoma in situ, the predecessor lesion of classic seminoma in humans. This provides the first direct evidence that the expression of a human endogenous retroviral gene previously established as a marker in human germ cell tumors may contribute to organ-specific tumorigenesis in a transgenic mouse model.
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PMID:Human endogenous retrovirus rec interferes with germ cell development in mice and may cause carcinoma in situ, the predecessor lesion of germ cell tumors. 1573 68

The association between human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection and the increased incidence of testicular tumors is a recent well-recognized phenomenon. Testicular tumors in the setting of HIV infection are most frequently of germ cell origin, less commonly lymphomas. We are presenting a unique case of testicular non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with associated atrial mass and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The patient was not known to be HIV positive at the time of presentation. The initial clinical, radiological, and gross pathologic impression was that of seminoma. Discussion of the differential diagnosis and appropriate work up is presented.
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PMID:Primary testicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with atrial mass as an initial presentation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1767 18

The most represented histotype of testicular cancer is the testicular germ-cell tumor (TGCT), both seminoma and non-seminoma. The pathogenesis of this cancer is poorly known. A possible causal relationship between viral infections and TGCTs was firstly evoked almost 40 years ago and is still a subject of debate. In the recent past, different authors have argued about a possible role of specific viruses in the development of TGCTs including human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvovirus B-19, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this present review was to summarize, for each virus considered, the available evidence on the impact of viral infections on the risk of developing TGCTs. The review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We included all observational studies reported in English evaluating the correlations between viral infections (HPV, CMV, EBV, Parvovirus B19, and HIV) and TGCTs. The methodological quality of studies included in the meta-analysis was evaluated using a modified version of the "Newcastle-Ottawa Scale." Meta-analyses were conducted using the "Generic inverse variance" method, where a pooled odds ratio (OR) was determined from the natural logarithm (LN) of the studies' individual OR [LN (OR)] and the 95% CI. A total of 20 studies (on 265,057 patients) were included in the review. Meta-analysis showed an association with TGCTs only for some of the explored viruses. In particular, no association was found for HPV, CMV, and Parvovirus B-19 infection (p = ns). Conversely, EBV and HIV infections were significantly associated with higher risk of developing TGCTs (OR 7.38, 95% CI 1.89-28.75, p = 0.004; OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.51-1.93, p < 0.00001). In conclusion, we found adequate evidence supporting an oncogenic effect of HIV and EBV on the human testis. Conversely, available data on HPV and TGCTs risk are conflicting and further studies are needed to draw firm conclusions. Finally, current evidence does not support an effect of CMV and Parvovirus B-19 on testicular carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Role of Viral Infections in Testicular Cancer Etiology: Evidence From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 3126 52