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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the course of systemic infections, the liver is an organ which is frequently involved. The pathology of the human immunodeficiency virus with all its infections, opportunistic tumours and some parasitoses, such as amebiasis, kala-azar, hydatidosis, schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, evolve into hepatic compromise. This development is what we attempt to summarise.
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PMID:[Liver involvement in HIV infection and various parasitic diseases]. 1089 37

In vitro studies suggest that CD4(+) cells with a T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype better support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication than do cells of the Th1 phenotype. As a result, Th2-type immune responses may be substantially affected by HIV-1 coinfection. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was done of proliferation and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with schistosomiasis who were positive or negative for HIV-1. Patients with schistosomiasis with HIV-1 coinfections had significantly lower interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 production than did HIV-1-negative individuals. In contrast, interferon-gamma production levels were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, in patients with HIV-1, a decrease in CD4(+) T cells was correlated with an increased Th1:Th2 cytokine production ratio. The effect of praziquantel treatment on proliferation and cytokine responses also differed between HIV-1 infection groups. Thus, HIV-1 infection affects immune response patterns of patients with schistosomiasis.
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PMID:Cellular immune responses of schistosomiasis patients are altered by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection. 1147 Nov 7

In May 2001, the World Health Assembly (WHA) estimated that two billion people were infected by soil-transmitted helminths (S-THs) and schistosomiasis, worldwide. The WHA urged member states to recognise that there can be synergy between public health control programmes for S-THs, schistosomiasis and other diseases. This is particularly relevant to the new dimension created by the HIV/AIDS epidemics in the same impoverished communities and countries where helminthiasis is hyperendemic. Immunological adaptation between humans and parasitic helminths has developed during evolution. Review of 109 research papers, 76% (83/109) of which, were published between 1995 and February 2002, revealed increasing evidence that this relationship may have created an opportunity for more rapid infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as quicker progression to AIDS. Moreover, the efficacy of some vaccines against HIV is likely to be impaired by chronic helminthiasis. For this, there is strong, indirect evidence. There is an urgent need for parasitologists, epidemiologists, immunologists and virologists to undertake comprehensive, transdisciplinary research. On the other hand, there is no current evidence that immunosuppression by HIV facilitates helminthic infection. The situation in regard to strongyloidiasis, however, is not yet clear.
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PMID:Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. 1274 48

Distribution of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, which are also coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 invasion of cells, was measured on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes in peripheral blood samples from a group of Kenyan car washers. Patients with active schistosomiasis displayed higher cell surface densities of these receptors than did cured schistosomiasis patients.
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PMID:Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. 1457 94

A prospective cohort study was conducted in two villages in Zambia to compare the efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in people with and without concomitant infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Five hundred seven individuals with infected with Schistosoma haematobium were enrolled and followed-up for as long as 12 months after treatment with a single dose of praziquantel. Seventy-three were coinfected with HIV. The study demonstrated that praziquantel is still very effective in the treatment and control of S. haematobium even when there is coinfection with HIV (without symptoms and signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]/HIV disease). Resistance to reinfection with S. haematobium is not altered in subjects coinfected with HIV (without symptoms and signs of AIDS/HIV disease). Individuals with coinfection excreted fewer eggs and complained less of hematuria than those without HIV infection, and the sensitivity and positive predictive value of reported hematuria as an indication of heavy infection were lower in the group coinfected with HIV. This observation may have implications for the use of hematuria as an indicator for rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis in areas where HIV is prevalent.
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PMID:Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and human immunodeficiency virus type 1: the effects of coinfection on treatment outcomes in rural Zambia. 1464 May 3

Nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia has a very high mortality and recurrence rate among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Malawian adults. Concurrent schistosomal infection might cause persistence of NTS infection and poor response to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, we tested serum samples for Schistosoma-specific circulating anodic antigen to diagnose coinfection with schistosomiasis among consecutive HIV-positive adults with NTS bacteremia. The results suggest that active schistosomiasis is not associated with adverse outcome of NTS bacteremia in this population, in contrast to other groups.
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PMID:Schistosomiasis does not contribute to death or recurrence of nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Malawian adults. 1468 64

For the past ten years, we have been exploring the relationship between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and how coinfection with both agents may affect the pathology and progression of each infection. To date, given the systems we have examined, the effects of HIV-1 on schistosomiasis have been more profound than the effects of schistosomiasis on HIV-1 progression. Additional key questions with important public health implications remain unanswered, but hopefully not unanswerable.
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PMID:Interactions between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in Western Kenya. 1548 42

To investigate whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) affects fibrosis development in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, we evaluated schistosomiasis-induced pathology in the livers of Kenyan patients co-infected with HIV-1. Compared with persons with schistosomiasis alone (n = 58), there were no significant differences in distribution of ultrasound-detectable pathology in persons with HIV-1 co-infection (n = 23). Similarly, serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were not significantly different in HIV-1+ individuals. Hepatic fibrosis was associated with significantly decreased CD4+ T cell counts, even in the absence of HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that HIV-1 co-infection does not significantly alter the proportion of patients experiencing schistosomiasis-induced fibrosis, but pathology associated with S. mansoni infections leads to CD4+ T cell reductions and thereby may exacerbate the effects of HIV-1 in co-infected individuals.
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PMID:Short report: Evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in persons co-infected with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus 1. 1564 72

In this study, we investigated the seminal inflammatory response to egg infestation of the urogenital organs in 240 semen-donating men aged 15-49 years living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area of Madagascar. In 29 subjects (12%) with excretion of > or =5 ova/ejaculate, leukocytospermia (>10(6) leukocytes/mL) and the presence of seminal lymphocytes and eosinophil leukocytes were each significantly more prevalent than in 74 subjects (31%) who were S. haematobium negative (P<.01). In addition, seminal levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor- alpha were significantly higher among seminal egg-excreting subjects than among infection-negative subjects (P<.001). Sexually transmitted infection (STI) with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis did not act as a confounding factor for the observed associations. At follow-up, 6 months after systematic antischistosomiasis and STI syndrome treatment at baseline, the prevalence of seminal leukocytes decreased significantly among the previously seminal egg-positive subjects. The same tendency was observed for the posttreatment levels of cytokines. Numerous studies have already shown an association between STI-associated genital inflammation and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) propagation. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that male urogenital schistosomiasis may constitute a risk factor for HIV transmission, as a result of egg-induced inflammation in the semen-producing pelvic organs.
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PMID:Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals. 1583 90

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium cysticerci were produced and showed cross-reactivity with a 14-kDa protein from T. solium and with 18- and 14-kDa proteins from T. crassiceps. These MAbs and antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as serum samples from patients with neurocysticercosis (NC) reacted with 18- and 14-kDa T. crassiceps proteins purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a Sepharose column coupled with MAbs (anti-excretory/secretory or anti-vesicular fluid antigens). Immunoaffinity-purified 18- and 14-kDa proteins were used in the design of a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in 23 CSF and 20 serum samples from patients with NC, showing 100% sensitivity. The test specificity was determined using 42 noninflammatory CSF samples and 70 inflammatory CSF samples from patients with other neurological disorders (OND), showing 100% and 99.1% (confidence interval, 97.3% to 100%) specificity, respectively. A false-positive CSF sample result in the OND group was from a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with meningoencephalitis. By using serum samples from 194 healthy individuals, the specificity was 100%. Analysis of an additional 16 serum samples from individuals with other parasitic diseases (13 with intestinal parasitosis and 3 with schistosomiasis) showed negative results. Three (10%) serum samples from patients with hydatidosis were positive in our ELISA and in ELISA with T. solium cysticerci antigens. Two of them were also positive by immunoblotting. The use of 18- and 14-kDa T. crassiceps immunoaffinity-purified proteins for detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in CSF and/or serum samples using an ELISA system showed a good performance and high specificity for serum samples, dispensing with the use of confirmatory tests, such as immunoblotting, for checking specificity.
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PMID:Cysticercosis immunodiagnosis using 18- and 14-kilodalton proteins from Taenia crassiceps cysticercus antigens obtained by immunoaffinity chromatography. 1600 Apr 32


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