Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The diagnoses which may be arrived at by examination of peroral small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens are presented. Celiac sprue, unclassified sprue (refractory sprue), infectious gastroenterititis, stasis syndrome and kwashiorkor have a severe mucosal lesion. Other clinical conditions are required to establish the diagnosis in these diseases. A number of diseases have specific diagnostic features. Included are Whipple's disease, abetalipoproteinemia, collagenous sprue, primary intestinal lymphoma, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, giardiasis, coccidiosis, strongyloidiasis, lymphangiectasis and the intestinal immunodeficiency diseases. Mucosal abnormalities may be present in other diseases but the diagnoses are usually made on other criteria than small bowel biopsy. These include vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, Crohn's disease, gastrinoma, acrodermatitis enteropathica, amyloidosis, chronic granulomatous disease, lipid storage diseases, histoplasmosis, capillariasis, cytomegalovirus infection, schistosomiasis and macroglobulinemia.
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PMID:Histologic diagnosis of diseases of malabsorption. 51 56

1. Evidence for bidirectional interrelationships between the nervous system and immune systems of vertebrates and invertebrates involving opioid peptides is briefly discussed. 2. The involvement of opioid peptides in autoimmunoregulatory communication also is discussed. 3. The presence of mammalian interleukin-like (1 & 6) and tumor necrosis factor-like molecules in invertebrates is reviewed as well as an apparent cascading system for these signal molecules. 4. The significance of ACTH and MSH in cellular immunosuppression and autoimmunoregulation is discussed in the context of a potential role in schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus actions. 5. The review concludes with the hypothesis that the mammalian immune system has its origin in the invertebrate immune/defense system given the many similarities noted in the review based on new knowledge about the more "primitive" system.
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PMID:Invertebrate and vertebrate neuroimmune and autoimmunoregulatory commonalties involving opioid peptides. 146 13

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against a synthetic peptide derived from the sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein virion infectivity factor (vif) labeled the surface of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula by indirect immunofluorescence. Western blotting showed that two S. mansoni proteins of 170 and 65 kD were recognized by the mAb. Sera from 20% of S. mansoni-infected HIV-seronegative individuals tested recognized the PS4 peptide in an ELISA as did sera from S. mansoni-infected rats. Sera from individuals seropositive for HIV-1, but without schistosomiasis, that reacted with the vif peptide also recognized a 170-kD S. mansoni protein. This crossreactive S. mansoni antigen appears to be a target of immunity in vivo since passive transfer of the mAb VIF-CD3 to naive rats had a protective effect against a challenge infection with S. mansoni cercariae.
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PMID:Immunological crossreactivity between the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion infectivity factor and a 170-kD surface antigen of Schistosoma mansoni. 169 53

Salmonellae have demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to adapt to a wide range of ecologic niches and to the peculiarities of modern society, such as the mass production of food products. The vast majority of infections in the United States are caused by serotypes not specifically adapted to human or animal hosts, whereas the most frequent isolate in developing countries is S. typhi, which is highly adapted to human hosts. The number of isolates reported in the United States has been increasing steadily since 1975, largely a result of outbreaks associated with the mass production of food products, particularly poultry, which is frequently contaminated. Salmonella infection occurs when ingested organisms bypass gastric defenses, multiply within the intestinal lumen, penetrate the intestinal mucosa, and multiply within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. They may then disseminate via the systemic circulation. Several virulence factors have been identified. The wide range of pathologic and clinical manifestations are subdivided into four syndromes, each requiring a distinct diagnostic and therapeutic approach: (1) gastroenteritis, (2) enteric fever, (3) bacteremia with or without metastatic disease, and (4) asymptomatic carriage. Although any serotype can cause any of these syndromes, certain serotypes are associated with specific presentations. Serious complications of bacteremic infection include infections of the aorta, endocardium, bone, and meninges. Salmonella infection is particularly severe in patients who have AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, immunodeficiency of other causes, inflammatory bowel disease, schistosomiasis, and macrophage dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on culture of the organism from appropriate sites. Several serologic tests have been developed that warrant further evaluation. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole have clearly established efficacy. Experience with third generation cephalosporins and quinolones is preliminary and fragmentary, but results suggest that they may prove to be efficacious in certain clinical circumstances. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem in certain geographic areas. The three vaccines for S. typhi that are currently in use internationally provide only moderate protection for short periods of time.
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PMID:The spectrum of Salmonella infection. 307 16

Serum IgG and IgE antibodies directed against tetanus toxoid and candidin were measured using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay in seven patients with the immunodeficiency syndrome with hyper-IgE. In parallel, six normal children, three normal adults, and eight patients with or without elevated serum IgE (including atopic diseases, Candida infections, and active schistosomiasis) were studied. Serum IgG antibodies to tetanus toxoid and candidin were present in the hyper-IgE patients in concordance with their immunization history. High concentrations of IgE antibodies against both antigens were found in the immune hyper-IgE patients but not in the controls. This suggests that elevated IgE antibody responses in the hyper-IgE syndrome results from a primary defect of IgE class regulation rather than an abnormal or deficient antibody response.
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PMID:Serum IgE and IgG antibodies to tetanus toxoid and candidin in immunodeficient children with the hyper-IgE syndrome. 660 46

Female genital schistosomiasis has been neglected as a disease entity during a period when considerable progress has been achieved for schistosomiasis as such. The pathophysiology and immunology are imperfectly understood, appropriate diagnostic tools are not at hand, therapeutic rationales do not exist, the natural history is not well known and women's perception of their illness has never been studied. Based on the findings of a systematic analysis, made by an inventory of research needs on women and tropical diseases, it has been possible to highlight individual and public health hazards of female genital schistosomiasis, such as the disease being a possible cofactor for te spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. This paper gives an example of how a gender perspective on a well-known parasitic disease can bring new challenges to the research community and the public health sector.
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PMID:Female genital schistosomiasis. New challenges from a gender perspective. 761 12

Glutathione depletion may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Since certain compounds prevent experimental carcinogenesis by elevating the levels of glutathione and phase II detoxication enzymes, we compared the potencies of several inducers with their ability to inhibit basal levels of HIV-1 replication in H9 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. All monofunctional inducers tested elevated the levels of glutathione and quinone reductase, a marker for phase II enzyme induction. However, only oltipraz [4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione] was effective at inhibiting HIV-1 replication (IC50 = 14.8 +/- 3.1 microM). The antiviral effect of oltipraz was potentiated by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Thus, 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones represent a hitherto unrecognized class of anti-HIV-1 agents. Oltipraz behaves kinetically as an irreversible inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in the template-primer binding domain. Oltipraz has been used to treat schistosomiasis in humans and is undergoing clinical evaluation as an anticarcinogen. Thus, oltipraz (and other 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones) may have therapeutic utility in HIV-1-infected individuals, not only because of their antiretroviral activity, but also by preventing the development of HIV-1-associated neoplasms.
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PMID:Oltipraz, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. 768 14

BALB/c mice infected 7 weeks previously with Schistosoma mansoni and challenged with a recombinant vaccinia virus vPE16 expressing the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp160 show a marked delay in hepatic viral clearance as compared to mice infected with vPE16 alone. This increase in viral persistence is accompanied by reduced gp120-specific Th1-associated cytokine responses as well as by impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against targets expressing epitopes of the same antigen. To investigate the contribution of these defects to the observed delay in clearance of recombinant vaccinia virus, animals were challenged with vPE16 at different times following S. mansoni infection, and virus titers in tissues and viral-specific immune responses were measured simultaneously in the same animals. While normal resolution of virus occurred in schistosome-infected mice prior to parasite egg deposition, persistence within the liver was observed in animals challenged during the onset and peak phase of granuloma formation (6 to 8 weeks after S. mansoni infection). At later times, when schistosomiasis is in its chronic phase, normal viral clearance returned. This time course of viral resolution correlated in part with the observed pattern of decreased Th1 cytokine production toward viral antigens but was clearly less temporally related to the defect in virus-specific CTL activity. Immunohistochemical staining of liver sections from vaccinia/S. mansoni co-infected mice with polyclonal anti-vaccinia antibodies revealed that viral epitopes are localized primarily within granulomas. These experiments suggest that egg granulomas, by providing a microenvironment for viral expression, in combination with the cytokine imbalance present during schistosome infection, can promote the expansion of vaccinia virus and possibly other viral agents.
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PMID:Increased susceptibility of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni to recombinant vaccinia virus: association of viral persistence with egg granuloma formation. 780 33

Recent epidemiologic, immunologic, and pathophysiologic data suggest that female genital schistosomiasis, a special form of urinary schistosomiasis due to infection with the trematode Schistosoma haematobium, may be a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the 44 African countries where these infections coexist. Eggs of the parasite are found in the organs of the female genital tract (vagina, vulva, and cervix), as well as in urine. Epidemiologists have estimated that 90 million Africans are infected with S. haematobium and that 35-100% of so infected women of childbearing age suffer intermittently from genital lesions caused by eggs sequestered within the epithelium. Lesions associated with this disease tend to be multiple and bleed easily, spontaneously or on contact. Women heavily infected with S. haematobium or S. mansoni show a decrease in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells and NK cells; moreover, a cross-reactivity between HIV-1 virion infectivity factor and a surface antigen to S mansoni has been shown. The eroded, friable epithelium of women with genital schistosomiasis provides HIV with access to deeper cell layers; moreover, the abundance of CD4+ cells and macrophages within the confines of the granuloma makes rapid binding of HIV more likely than is the case with other sexually transmitted diseases. The greatest increase in HIV prevalence in the past decade has occurred in Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and the Central African Republic--countries with S. haematobium rates of about 70%. In addition, the HIV prevalence rate in areas highly endemic for this parasite is 1.2-1.7 times greater in women than men. Needed, to confirm this association, are correlation studies of increases in HIV prevalence over time in women 15-30 years of age and rates of genital schistosomiasis.
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PMID:Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk-factor for the transmission of HIV. 781 59

We have defined human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) serologic reactivity in Brazilians living in an area endemic for tropical diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) analyses were performed on 342 patients with diseases including Chagas' disease, schistosomiasis, typhoid fever, helminthiasis, and cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Nine percent of the visceral leishmaniasis patients' sera reacted in the HIV-1 ELISA but all were WB negative. All other sera from these patients were HIV negative. A total of 224 HIV-1 ELISA repeatedly positive sera also were HIV-1 WB tested. They were drawn from a total population of 19,230 individuals, including AIDS patients, blood donors, homosexual men, intravenous drug users, pregnant women, individuals with hemophiliac, and tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease patients. The WB results were analyzed using five different interpretive criteria for WB positivity. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were the most sensitive and specific for identifying HIV-1-infected individuals. The WB pattern was similar to that seen in the United States. Envelope (ENV) protein antibodies were highly predictive of HIV-1 infection; none of the AIDS patients lacked ENV protein reactivity. We conclude that among the tropical diseases studied, only visceral leishmaniasis is associated with false-positive HIV-1 ELISA tests. Current CDC and WHO criteria for interpretation of HIV-1 WB tests are appropriate for Brazil.
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PMID:Serologic validation of HIV infection in a tropical area. 845 Apr 8


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