Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 56-year-old man presented with an inguinal lymph node enlargement. Histologic study of the tumor revealed three intermingled pathologic lesions: a nodular small cell lymphoma, an angiofollicular hyperplasia of vasculohyaline type, and a vascular neoplasia closely resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. The patient was immunocompetent and denied any homosexual relationships, transfusions, or drug use. The serum was negative for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody. Computed tomographic scan and ultrasound examination revealed no other lymphadenopathies. This case shows that both hyperplastic and neoplastic lymphoid proliferations can occur simultaneously with vascular neoplasia. It thereby suggests that the neoplastic populations might interact to favor the tumor growth, the sequence and the nature of the stimulating events remaining unclear.
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PMID:Lymphadenopathic tumor exhibiting intermingled features of Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, and angiofollicular hyperplasia. 149 58

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is associated with increased frequency of Kaposi's sarcoma and high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Several other cancers in HIV-1-infected individuals have been reported, although without statistically significant increase in their respective occurrences. Although HIV-1 does not infect either Kaposi's sarcoma-derived spindle cells or B lymphocytes in vivo, viral proteins in vitro have been shown to be mitogenic to both Kaposi's sarcoma-derived spindle cells and B lymphocytes. Furthermore, several cytokines influence directly and indirectly the proliferative differentiation capacity of these cells. These cytokines include interleukin-1, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor. Many of these cytokines also are regulated by HIV-1 infection of T lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophage. Furthermore, elevated levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor have been observed in patients with HIV-1 infection, particularly in advanced stages, when these tumors often manifest. Thus, it appears that although HIV-1 does not directly transform cells permissive to its infection, viral proteins directly and through regulation of cellular genes exert activities that may lead to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and B-cell lymphoma.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of HIV-related malignancies. 175 80

A case of rectal and gastric location of Kaposi's sarcoma is reported. Although the typical location is cutaneous, gastrointestinal involvement of Kaposi's sarcoma is not an uncommon finding. Usually, it is detected when endoscopic, radiologic and autopsy studies are performed in patients with previous AIDS diagnosis. The patient we herein report ignored to be affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He had not shown any sign or symptom for AIDS to be suspected. Presenting symptoms were weight loss, asthenia, loss of appetite, diarrhea and rectal bleeding. This case report underlines the importance of differential diagnosis with other rectal neoplasms that call for a totally different therapeutic approach.
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PMID:[Kaposi's sarcoma located in the upper digestive tract. Apropos a case]. 176 73

Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of mesenchymal origin of unclear etiology and pathogenesis. The epidemic form of KS (AIDS-associated) occurs in up to 30% of HIV-1 infected individuals with lesions characterized by mixed cellularity, spindle cells proliferation and neoangiogenesis. The establishment of in vitro and in vivo model systems (AIDS-KS cell cultures and nude mouse) have allowed studies toward the understanding of the pathogenesis of KS. The data presented here support the hypothesis that KS is a cytokine mediated disease and that interactions between mesenchymal cell types and HIV-1 gene products might lead to a composite lesion such as KS. In fact, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the HIV-1 Tat protein acts as a growth factor for cells derived from AIDS-KS lesions, thus establishing an experimental link between HIV-1 infection and the development of KS in humans. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is implicated in various clinical manifestations associated with AIDS, including KS. KS represents the most frequent tumor arising in infected individuals, particularly homosexual and bisexual men. This form of KS (epidemic or AIDS-KS) is aggressive and often results in dissemination and invasion of lymph nodes and viscera. Histologically, KS is characterized by the proliferation of spindle-shaped cells ("KS cells"), considered to be the tumor element of the lesions, associated with endothelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and new blood vessel formation (early stage lesions). In a later stage, the spindle cells tend to coalesce in larger tumor masses, although the slit-like spaces, which are characteristic of the lesion, usually remain evident. The histogenesis of the KS spindle cells, however, is still controversial and both types of mesenchymal cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, have been proposed as potential cell progenitors. Although KS is clearly associated with HIV-1 infection, little is known about the molecular events underlying its pathogenesis. Recently, however, two experimental advances (the establishment of long-term cell cultures derived from KS lesions of AIDS patients and the development of animal models) have made the study of the pathogenesis of AIDS-KS possible. Here we discuss results obtained from these new systems suggesting that the induction of the AIDS-KS lesions involves a pathway of events mediated by specific cytokines and that the HIV-1 tat gene product may play a crucial role in the development and/or progression of KS in HIV-1 infected individuals.
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. 180 71

In populations with non-HIV immunodeficiency, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and soft tissue sarcoma, especially Kaposi's sarcoma, are the most prominent tumours, but Hodgkin's disease, gastric carcinoma, squamous cell skin cancer, malignant melanoma, hepatoma, myeloid leukaemia and/or colorectal carcinoma have been linked in various studies. Population based cancer registries and cohort studies of HIV infected persons have generally failed to detect HIV related increases in total cancer incidence or in specific tumours other than non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma; however, associations with anal carcinoma, hepatoma and Hodgkin's disease have been suggested by some studies. Although not indicating increased risk, HIV induced immunosuppression has been linked to an acceleration of cervical and anal neoplasia and to increased aggressiveness of Hodgkin's disease with a relative excess of the mixed cellularity type. Advances in treatment for HIV infection will delay progression to AIDS and may allow an altered natural history to emerge, including the occurrence of excesses of additional cancer types.
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PMID:HIV infection and cancers other than non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. 182 20

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the determination of the anticancer drug doxorubicin and the metabolites doxorubicinol, doxorubicinone, 7-deoxydoxorubicinone, doxorubicinolone and 7-deoxydoxorubicinolone in plasma of AIDS patients. Samples can be heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate the human immunodeficiency virus. The sample pre-treatment involves a liquid-liquid extraction of the buffered plasma sample (pH 9) with a chloroform-1-propanol (4:1, v/v) mixture. The chromatographic analysis is performed on a Lichrosorb RP-8 (5 microns) column and by isocratic elution with a mobile phase of acetonitriletetrahydrofuran-phosphate buffer (pH 2.2) (800:5:200, w/w/w) with fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength: 460 nm; emission wavelength: 550 nm). The proposed method has been validated and, subsequently, implemented in a pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin in AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma who are treated with the combination regimen doxorubicin, vincristine and bleomycin.
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PMID:HPLC determination of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol and four aglycone metabolites in plasma of AIDS patients. 182 25

Several types of vasculitis have been described in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Erythema elevatum diutinum is a rare variant of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis which, with the exception of the case reported herein, has been described only once in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Our male patient, a longtime intravenous drug abuser, had cutaneous lesions, closely resembling Kaposi's sarcoma, on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities. Cutaneous biopsy specimens, however, demonstrated leukocytoclastic vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel walls and areas of basophilic degeneration of collagen bundles in early lesions, whereas late lesions showed dense diffuse fibrosis with proliferation of dermal spindle cells and some foci of residual leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Oral therapy with dapsone resulted in marked clearing of the cutaneous lesions within few days. This case raises the necessity of histologic confirmation for all cases of suspected Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We discuss the possible pathogenesis of leukocytoclastic vasculitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
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PMID:Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Another clinical simulator of Kaposi's sarcoma. 184 81

The clinicopathologic features of 45 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (mainly intravenous drug users [IVDU]) with lymphoid neoplasias seen from September 1984 through July 1990 at an Italian cancer center are reviewed. Thirty-five had systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and ten had Hodgkin's disease (HD). Histologically, 27 NHL cases were intermediate grade (five cases) or high grade (22 cases, 14 of the small noncleaved cell type), according to the Working Formulation. Eight NHL cases, including four anaplastic large cell (ALC) BerH2 (CD30)-positive lymphomas, were in the miscellaneous group. Immunohistologic and/or gene rearrangement analysis showed the B-cell origin of 20 of the 24 NHL cases studied. At presentation, 71% of NHL patients had advanced stages (Stage III or IV), and 85% had extranodal disease (predominantly gastrointestinal tract and marrow). Of the 23 patients evaluable for treatment, only seven had a complete clinical response after lymphoma therapy; the median survival of 34 evaluable patients was 22 months after the diagnosis of NHL. Fifteen patients died; most deaths were attributable to progressive lymphoma and opportunistic infections. As with NHL, advanced disease, extranodal involvement, aggressive histologic findings, and poor response to therapy were also observed in patients with HD. This study shows that lymphoid neoplasias occurring in Italian IVDU with HIV infection and those previously reported in North American homosexual men with HIV infection share similar clinicopathologic features. However, some features such as the absence of history of Kaposi's sarcoma at diagnosis, the lack of detection of primary brain and rectal NHL, and the occurrence of B-cell ALC BerH2 (CD30)-positive NHL were observed uniquely in this series of patients.
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PMID:A clinicopathologic study of lymphoid neoplasias associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Italy. 185 83

The epidemiologic findings of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) suggest that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is insufficient for the development of KS. It was speculated that another sexually transmitted infection is responsible for the markedly increased incidence of KS among patients who acquired HIV infection through sexual intercourse. However, no such contributing infectious agent was consistently identified. The canine transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a malignant tumour that can be transplanted by viable cells across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers. Recent findings suggest that all canine TVTs originated from the same tumour and were transferred from one animal to the other during sexual intercourse. It is suggested that, in analogy with the canine TVT model, the characteristics of KS epidemic among AIDS patients may be explained by transmission and engraftment of viable malignant cells during intercourse.
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PMID:Kaposi's sarcoma among AIDS patients: transmissible venereal tumour by cell engraftment? 186 40

A case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a child with no serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is reported. A 7-year-old boy with Stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, after conventional chemotherapy, underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Five months later he presented with supraclavicular mass and mediastinal enlargement. A bone marrow biopsy showed hypoplasia with no signs of the underlying disease, whereas the excised mass revealed a typical histologic pattern of Kaposi's sarcoma. The child is currently being treated with recombinant alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) and regression of the disease has been achieved.
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PMID:Kaposi's sarcoma in a child after autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 187 88


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