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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One of the most important aspects of preparing travelers for destinations throughout the world is providing them with immunizations. Before administering any vaccines, however, a careful health and immunization history and travel itinerary should be obtained in order to determine vaccine indications and contraindications. There are three categories of immunizations for foreign travel. The first category includes immunizations which are routinely recommended whether or not the individual is traveling. Many travelers are due for primary vaccination or boosting against tetanus-diphtheria, measles-mumps-rubella, pneumococcal pneumonia, and influenza, for example, and the pre-travel visit is an ideal time to administer these. The second category are immunizations which might be required by a country as a condition for entry; these are yellow fever and cholera. The final category contains immunizations which are recommended because there is a risk of acquiring a particular disease during travel. Typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, rabies, and hepatitis are some examples. Travelers who are pregnant or who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus require special consideration. Provision of appropriate immunizations for foreign travel is an important aspect of preventing illness in travelers.
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PMID:Immunizations for foreign travel. 133 7

This study reports the course of measles and results of measles immunization in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Six cases of measles were identified. All had typical clinical manifestations, 5 of 6 developed pneumonia and 3 of 6 died. A measles intervention program consisting of serologic screening and active immunization (measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)) was instituted in 1990. Among 127 children with data available for analysis (mean age, 6.7 years), only 35% had documentation of prior immunization with MMR. Among 80 children who had preimmunization measles serology reported, 56% were measles antibody-negative and 40% were antibody-positive; following intervention 36% remained measles antibody-negative. Six children lost measles antibody over time. MMR nonresponders had lower CD4 lymphocyte counts (303 +/- 394) compared with responders (865 +/- 677; P = 0.0058). Measles is a potentially fatal illness in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Prevention strategies are limited by low rates of age-appropriate MMR immunization, poor antibody responses to MMR in older human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and seroreversion.
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PMID:Population-based study of measles and measles immunization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. 146 90

Twenty-one asymptomatic adults who had recently received multiple polysaccharide, live viral, and protein-derived vaccines were identified as being infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mean subject age was 24 years (range 18-33); 20 of 21 (95%) were male. The mean T4 count was 523/mm3 with a mean T4/T8 ratio of 0.6. Serologic responses to immunization with meningococcus group C, adenovirus types 4 and 7, tetanus, and diphtheria were evaluated for the HIV seropositive subjects and were compared with the responses of similarly vaccinated age-, sex-, and race-matched HIV-seronegative controls. Significantly fewer (p less than 0.03) HIV subjects responded to meningococcus C (bactericidal antibody) and adenovirus 4 (neutralizing antibody) vaccines than did normals; the HIV-infected subjects who did respond produced functional antibody comparable to that of normals. Booster responses of HIV subjects to tetanus and diphtheria were comparable to those of normals. HIV-infected vaccine nonresponders did not differ from HIV-infected responders in total white blood cell, T4, T4/T8, total serum IgG, or delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test reactivity. All HIV subjects had negative cultures for live vaccine viruses (rubella, measles, adenovirus, and poliovirus). Postimmunization, no clinically apparent adverse reactions to vaccination were detected.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of multiple conventional immunizations administered during early HIV infection. 167 80

Specific antibody synthesis in brain could be detected with maximal sensitivity by combining an advanced enzyme immunoassay with a sophisticated evaluation method that involves calculating the ratio between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum quotients for specific antibodies (Qspec) and total IgG (QIgG). This Antibody Index (AI = Qspec/QIgG) discriminates between a blood-derived and a pathological, brain-derived specific antibody fraction in CSF and takes into account individual changes in blood/CSF barrier function. For local synthesis of polyclonal IgG in the central nervous system (QIgG greater than QLim), we propose the correction AI = Qspec/QLim (QLim represents that IgG fraction in CSF originating only from blood, calculated from the individual albumin quotient of a single patient). The normal reference range for the AI was between 0.7 and 1.3 (n = 250 control patients for each antibody species). Values of AI greater than or equal to 1.5 indicated a local specific antibody synthesis in the central nervous system. Sensitivity and precision were greatest if we analyzed the virus-specific antibodies in CSF and serum simultaneously with an enzyme immunoassay in continuous concentrations (arbitrary units) instead of titer steps. We have applied the method successfully to antibodies to measles, rubella, herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and cytomegalovirus, and to anti-Toxoplasma or -Borrelia antibodies. Clinical relevance is demonstrated for an acute zoster virus infection (monospecific response), chronic diseases such as HIV encephalitis with acute opportunistic Toxoplasma infection, and multiple sclerosis (secondary polyspecific response).
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PMID:Quantification of virus-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: sensitive and specific detection of antibody synthesis in brain. 185 84

In sera of 38 patients with sarcoidosis, assayed for antiviral antibody to Rubella, Measles, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), different incidence of seropositivity have been found, according to the virus assayed. Interestingly all patients were seropositive to rubella virus with high titres compared to data obtained from normal age matched population. These data indicate that in Sarcoidosis an altered antibody response of post-primary type can be found.
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PMID:Sarcoidosis and infections by human lymphotropic viruses. 216 Nov 22

Cultures of proliferating epithelial cells were established from explants of normal human oral epithelium from healthy young volunteers. The epithelial cells were found permissive for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, coxsackie virus A-4 and A-16, adenovirus type 5, measles vaccine, rubella and influenza type A virus-. Medium from DEAE-pretreated epithelial cultures infected with two subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus-1 showed an increasing content of virusprotein with time by antigen ELISA testing. In contrast there was no evidence of infection with coxsackie virus type B-2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and varicella zoster virus. Treatment of the epithelial cells with a non-cytotoxic dose of cancer chemotherapeutic prior to or after infection with coxsackie virus A-4 or herpes simplex virus type 1 influenced the virus production dependent on both compound, mode of application, and virus. Adriamycin (doxorubicin) in low dose was found to stimulate the production of the two viruses.
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PMID:Explants of human oral epithelium exposed to viruses and cancer chemotherapeutics. 255 79

Congenital infection is uncommon and the cause of only a small proportion of handicap seen in children but some infections may be preventable or even treatable. As an example, the congenital rubella syndrome first described in the 1940s is preventable by use of the vaccine but cases still occur. It is hoped that with the introduction of the measles, mumps, rubella immunization for young children, rubella will become as rare in the UK as it is in the USA. Cytomegalovirus is now a more common cause of handicap than rubella but no vaccine has been developed. Although antiviral drugs are available for herpes simplex virus and vaccinia, infection mortality in the newborn is high, even following the use of these agents; many HSV infections in the newborn arise following primary and asymptomatic maternal infections so that treatment may start late in the course of the illness. The obstetrician needs to understand the natural history as well as possible investigations available for congenital infections. There may be warning signs which require action, such as herpetic lesions in the genital tract of the mother. Less specific abnormalities during pregnancy, such as intra-uterine growth retardation and spontaneous onset of preterm labour, may point to congenital infection. This chapter describes both antenatal and postnatal management of the major congenital infections. We have included recent research data that should influence clinical practice; studies on HSV which suggest that, for women with a history of recurrent infection, routine viral culture of the genital tract at the end of pregnancy is unnecessary; reports from both the USA and the UK that rubella immunization performed inadvertently during early pregnancy has not resulted in the congenital rubella syndrome. The chapter would not have been complete without a discussion of human immunodeficiency virus, of concern to the obstetrician and midwife. There is still much to be learned about the natural history of this infection in both the mother and infant.
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PMID:Infection of the fetus and the newborn: prevention, treatment and related handicap. 284 13

Paired serum and saliva specimens were tested by conventional assays and by IgG-capture radioimmunoassays (GACRIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GACELISA) for antibody to hepatitis A virus (HAV, 100 pairs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, 53), hepatitis B virus core (HBc, 62), and rubella virus (30). Conventional assays failed to detect viral antibodies in the saliva of 93 of 119 seropositive subjects. However, GACRIA detected the antibodies in both serum and saliva of all subjects seropositive by conventional tests, except 2 saliva specimens false-negative for anti-HBc and 1 false-negative for anti-rubella-virus. For anti-HIV and anti-HBc serum and saliva GACRIA reactivities did not differ significantly, but anti-HAV and anti-rubella-virus GACRIA reactivities were stronger in serum than saliva. GACRIA and GACELISA results on saliva for the four antibodies correlated closely; for anti-HAV and anti-HIV GACELISA and GACRIA were equally accurate. For both saliva and serum, GACRIA was superior to an IgA-capture assay in detecting anti-HAV and anti-HIV.
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PMID:Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: an alternative to tests on serum. 288 75

A polyclonal T-cell receptor complex (TCR) expression defect (as detected with monoclonal antibody WT31) has been found in two children belonging to an otherwise healthy Spanish family. One of the sibs (V, who had been vaccinated with attenuated poliomyelitis virus) showed clinical signs of immunodeficiency with an autoimmune syndrome, but the other (older) sib (D, vaccinated with attenuated rubella, measles, mumps, and poliomyelitis viruses) has been symptomless throughout life. In contrast to both sibs' normal expression of other peripheral leucocyte markers, as measured by flow cytometry (including CD1, CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD16), only about 6% of CD2+ polyclonal T cells expressed surface antigen-specific T-cell receptor (Ti/WT31), and only about 23% weakly expressed surface CD3 determinants. On the remaining CD2+ T cells in each sib the expression of Ti and CD3 was undetectable; the defect in CD3 expression is very likely secondary to the defect in Ti expression. Natural killer (NK) activity was not increased in any of the sibs, ruling out a high content of NK cells among their CD2+ lymphocytes. Functional data indicate that CD3-mediated T-cell activation with anti-CD3 monoclonals and Ti-mediated responses to allogeneic and tetanus toxoid antigens were severely depressed, whereas activation via CD2 was normal in the T lymphocytes of both sibs. Genes encoding for Ti alpha, beta, and gamma chains did not show major alterations by southern blot analysis, and polyclonal beta chain genes rearrangements were detected in both children's T-cell blasts. Family clustering suggests a genetic pathogenesis, but linkage to HLA or other blood group markers has not been found. Sib V had a concomitant autoimmune disease and died after a severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, indicating a relationship between the TCR and generation of autoimmune clones. However, the resistance of both individuals to infection and to vaccination with attenuated viruses, and the fact that sib D has been symptomless to date questions the relative importance of the TCR in the immune response against infection, and suggests that alternative T-cell activation pathways and non-specific defence mechanisms (external surfaces--bound and/or cellular) may suffice under certain circumstances.
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PMID:An in vivo functional immune system lacking polyclonal T-cell surface expression of the CD3/Ti(WT31) complex. 296 74

A review and listing of antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasite factors in human breast milk is presented. Also reviewed are the microbial contaminants such as cytomegalovirus and rubella virus, which have recently been shown to infect infants via breast milk, without adverse effects. The retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 have been detected in human milk, with the latter virus probably being transmitted through the milk. These virus contaminants can be destroyed by pasteurization of the human milk.
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PMID:Microbial contaminants and antimicrobial properties of human milk. 307 17


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