Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a case of encrusted prostatitis, term which is not found in MedLine search. Alkaline encrusted cystitis was described 70 years ago and few cases have been described since that time, most of them associated with Corynebacterium infection. In fact, we find these two entities very similar, except for the organ affected. Both present irritative urinary symptoms, alkaline urine and tisular necrosis below a calcification layer. Another entity described in 1993 is encrusted pyelitis, related to patients with immunodeficiency, particularly those with renal transplantation and also associated with ureolytic bacteria. The treatment of encrusted cystitis an pyelitis may include specific antibiotics, urinary acidification and endoscopic excision of the calcified lesions.
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PMID:[Encrusted prostatitis: case report and literature review]. 1674 91

A substantial health burden results from medical problems affecting the male genital tract, including chronic morbidity conditions affecting a large proportion of men, such as benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis, and potentially lethal conditions, such as prostate cancer and human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Rational approaches to therapeutics in these conditions should benefit from understanding local pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of active drugs within the male genital tract. However, the description of drug distribution into the male genital tract has been largely limited to total, rather than protein-free drug concentrations in the whole ejaculate at one or two time points within a dosing interval, which may be misleading in understanding local drug action. Recent innovations enable a quantitative understanding of protein-free drug kinetics into semen and drug distribution into individual male genital tract glands. These methods may benefit therapeutics through optimization of targeted drug delivery and facilitate drug development for diseases related to these glands.
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PMID:Male genital tract pharmacology: developments in quantitative methods to better understand a complex peripheral compartment. 1778 63

Study of male genital tract (MGT) pharmacology is relevant to the treatment of prostatitis, prostate cancer, infertility, and seminal human immunodeficiency virus transmission. However, the time course of drug concentrations in the MGT is largely unknown. To determine the feasibility of frequent semen sampling in assessing the pharmacokinetics of the MGT, we administered efavirenz, indinavir, and zidovudine to subjects to achieve steady-state levels and then collected semen samples at sequentially decreasing ejaculation intervals. The volume of seminal plasma decreased from 4.0 (1.2-5.1) ml (median with range) at 48 h after the baseline ejaculation to 0.72 (0.45-1.6) ml 1 h after a previous ejaculation, which was still adequate for drug concentration assessment. The seminal fructose concentration also decreased. However, the concentration of prostate-specific antigen and all three drugs did not decrease, even if the ejaculation intervals decreased to 1 h. Thus, semi-intensive semen sampling can be used to assess MGT pharmacokinetics.
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PMID:Effect of semen sampling frequency on seminal antiretroviral drug concentration. 1791 41

Symptoms of urethritis in men typically include urethral discharge, penile itching or tingling, and dysuria. A diagnosis can be made if at least one of the following is present: discharge, a positive result on a leukocyte esterase test in first-void urine, or at least 10 white blood cells per high-power field in urine sediment. The primary pathogens associated with urethritis are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Racial disparities in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections persist in the United States, with rates of gonorrhea 40 times higher in black adolescent males than in white adolescent males. Recent studies have focused on identifying causes of nongonococcal urethritis and developing testing for atypical organisms, such as Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species. Less common pathogens identified in patients with urethritis include Trichomonas species, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus. History and examination findings can help distinguish urethritis from other urogenital syndromes, such as epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis. The goals of treatment include alleviating symptoms; preventing complications in the patient and his sexual partners; reducing the transmission of coinfections (particularly human immunodeficiency virus); identifying and treating the patient's contacts; and encouraging behavioral changes that will reduce the risk of recurrence. The combination of azithromycin or doxycycline plus ceftriaxone or cefixime is considered first-line empiric therapy in patients with urethritis. Expedited partner treatment, which involves giving patients prescriptions for partners who have not been examined by the physician, is advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and has been approved in many states. There is an association between urethritis and an increased human immunodeficiency virus concentration in semen.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. 2132 7

According to the literature, prostatitis is a rare cause of prolonged fever without an apparent origin. However, this syndrome can be easily diagnosed using specific tests, either two-glass pre- and post-prostatic massage or the Meares-Stamey four-glass test. A retrospective study over a 5-year period (between August 1st 2006 and July 31st 2011) was performed. All patients who met the criteria for microbiological prostatitis were included and assigned to one of two groups, either a study group [paucisymptomatic infectious prostatitis (PIP)] or a control group [classic infectious prostatitis (CIP)]. Epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and treatment-related variables were collected. A comparative study between both groups was performed. Thirty-nine patients were diagnosed with prostatitis. The main risk factors were unprotected anal intercourse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, recent travel, and recurrent urinary tract infections. The most significant differences between the PIP (19 patients) and CIP (20 patients) groups were higher frequency of elevated inflammatory markers, higher frequency of monomicrobial etiology, and longer treatment. In monomicrobial prostatitis, the most common causative agents were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum. According to the findings of this study, we believe that prostatitis should be included as a possible diagnosis in a man who complains of prolonged fever without an apparent origin and having at least one of the following risk factors: unprotected anal intercourse, HIV infection, recent travel, and recurrent urinary tract infections.
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PMID:Paucisymptomatic infectious prostatitis as a cause of fever without an apparent origin. A series of 19 patients. 2295 9

Prostate pathology is a daily occurrence in urological and general medical consultations. Besides hyperplasia and neoplastic pathology, other processes, such as infectious ones, are also documented. Their etiology is diverse and varied. Within the infectious prostatic processes, fungi can also be a specific cause of prostatitis. Fungal prostatitis often appears in patients with impaired immunity and can also be rarely found in healthy patients. It can result from a disseminated infection, but it can also be localized. Fungal prostatitis is a nonspecific and harmless process. Diagnosis is commonly made by fine needle aspiration cytology or by biopsy. A number of fungi can be involved. Although there are not many reported cases, they are becoming more frequent, in particular in patients with some degree of immunodeficiency or those who live in areas where specific fungi are endemic or in visitors of those areas. We present a comprehensive review of the various forms of fungal prostatitis, and we describe the morphological characteristics of the fungi more frequently reported as causes of fungal prostatitis. We also report our own experience, aiming to alert physicians, urologists and pathologists of these particular infections.
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PMID:Fungal prostatitis: an update. 2514 93

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an overabundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a deficiency of antioxidants, has been linked to sperm damage and male infertility. There are many sources of OS and inflammation including varicocele, tobacco usage, alcohol, obesity/metabolic syndrome, leukocytospermia, sexually transmitted disease (i.e., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum), bacterial prostatitis, microorganism mutations leading to more OS, and viral infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis). This review is focusing on infection and inflammation-mediated OS, the inflammatory markers underlying pathology, clinical significance in male infertility, and a brief description of the recommended treatment modalities.
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PMID:Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility. 3056 52

Gram-negative bacilli are usually implicated in the formation of prostatic abscesses (PA) which is a rare complication of prostatitis. However, PA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a substantial cause of PA in recent years. Predisposing factors for MRSA prostatitis include immunocompromised states such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), uncontrolled diabetes, intravenous drug use (IVDU), urethral instrumentation, bladder outlet obstruction, preexisting prostatic disease, recent prostatic procedure, and chronic dialysis among others. MRSA PA should be promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated as delay in diagnosis can be detrimental. We present a case of a patient with a remote history of IVDU who developed simultaneous bilateral renal and PA caused by MRSA in the absence of MRSA bacteremia. Since our patient did not have the traditional risk factors for MRSA infection, we can argue that he was infected by the community-acquired strains of MRSA.
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PMID:A Rare Case of Prostatic and Bilateral Renal Abscesses Caused by Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. 3221 Dec 77


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