Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a disease entity first described by Takatsuki et al., is endemic in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean Islands, and in some parts of Africa. ATL patients are classified into four subtypes according to the clinical picture: acute, chronic, smoldering, and lymphoma type. The diagnosis of ATL is made from the characteristic clinical findings, the detection of serum antibodies to HTLV-I, and when necessary, the confirmation of monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in cellular DNA of ATL cells. Recently, diagnostic criteria for clinical subtypes of ATL were proposed by the Lymphoma Study Group in Japan: 1) smoldering type, normal lymphocyte level, no hypercalcemia, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value 1.5 times the upper limit of normal or lower, no lymphadenopathy, no involvement of liver, spleen, central nervous system (CNS), bone or gastrointestinal tract, and no ascites or pleural effusion: 2) chronic type, absolute lymphocytosis with T-lymphocytosis of greater than 3 x 10(9)/1, LDH value twice the upper limit of normal or lower, no hypercalcemia, no involvement of CNS, bone, or gastrointestinal tract, and no ascites or pleural effusion: 3) lymphoma type, no lymphocytosis, 1% or less abnormal lymphocytes, and histologically-proven lymphadenopathy: 4) acute type, remaining ATL patients who are not classified as any of the above types. Infection with HTLV-I is a direct cause of ATL. Furthermore, infection with this virus can indirectly cause many other diseases via the induction of immunodeficiency, such as chronic lung diseases, opportunistic lung infections, cancer of other organs, monoclonal gammopathy, chronic renal failure, strongyloidiasis, non-specific dermatomycosis, non-specific lymph node swelling, HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), and HTLV-I uveitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Natural history of HTLV-I infection]. 163 39

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I (HTLV-I) and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus II (HTLV-II) are closely related retroviruses that are highly prevalent in injection drug users (IDUs). The bulk of infection in this group probably occurs with HTLV-II, with a lower prevalence of HTLV-I. HTLV-I is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-II has not been proven to cause any human pathology, but may be immunosuppressive and is almost indistinguishable serologically from HTLV-I. As with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infection with these viruses is likely to be lifelong and the disease may have a latent period of many years. Unlike HIV, HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II are not likely to be transmitted from mother to child prenatally, and usually require breast-feeding for vertical transmission. It is likely that HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II has been prevalent in IDUs for far longer than the HIV epidemic. HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II are relevant to the AIDS epidemic in that they may function as biologic markers of behavioral risk status for HIV infection in IDUs or their sexual partners, and they may accelerate the course of HIV infection in persons coinfected with HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II and HIV. Coinfection will be more likely as the HIV epidemic progresses. Pregnant addicts entering outpatient methadone maintenance treatment in San Francisco County or Contra Costa County during 1990 were found to have an HTLV-II prevalence of 21% (n = 24). Important issues in counseling infected methadone patients are described.
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PMID:Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus in California's injection drug users. 176 94

We describe a 34-year-old man from southern Florida with a history of intravenous drug use, dually infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II), who developed a myelopathy clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This myelopathy was characterized by spastic lower extremity weakness, distal paresthesias, sensory loss with a discrete thoracic level to pinprick, back pain, impotence, and sphincter disturbances. Nerve conduction studies revealed an associated mixed axonal and demyelinative neuropathy. Despite a lack of response to 10 months of zidovudine therapy, the myeloneuropathy improved dramatically 2 years after its onset in the absence of any therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Tropical spastic paraparesis-like illness occurring in a patient dually infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-II. 198

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The nucleotide sequences of 640 bp of the proviral genome (positions 5158-5797) derived from 11 HTLV-I-infected persons were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction and M13-based sequencing techniques. Patterns of single nucleotide substitutions were characterized from the extracellular domain of the envelope gene (gp46). Compared with other retroviruses, the nucleotide sequences of the HTLV-I external envelope gene are highly conserved among the genotypes studied. We found no evidence of dual infections with HTLV-II among the seropositive asymptomatic persons or in patients with either ATL or HAM/TSP. No unique sequence differences were observed in the envelope gene of the HTLV-I isolates derived from patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, comparative analysis of these data and other published HTLV-I envelope sequences indicated the presence of four subtypes of HTLV-I in relation to their geographic origin.
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PMID:Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of the partial envelope gene (5' domain) among human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) isolates. 202 77

We have amplified and sequenced DNA in the envelope (env) and long terminal repeat (LTR) regions of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviruses from the peripheral blood of 10 HTLV-I-seropositive patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and two patients with adult T-cell leukemia. The aim was to examine variation in these regions and to test the hypothesis that the sequences of leukemogenic HTLV-I isolates differ from those causing the neurological disease TSP. In 5 of the 12 HTLV-I-seropositive patients, more than one HTLV-I sequence variant was identified in the same individual. No two individuals shared identical sequences in either env or LTR U3. Sequence variations were found at 73 positions in 1,416 bases amplified in env. Sequence variability was found throughout the LTR-U3 region, including the sequences of two transcriptional enhancers. Several nucleotide changes common to both Caribbean and Japanese HTLV-I isolates allowed us to identify a consensus sequence that differs from the HTLV-I prototype sequence (M. Seiki, S. Hattori, Y. Hirayama, and M. Yoshida, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3618-3622, 1983). No sequence in the env or LTR U3 region was found to be characteristic of isolates from TSP patients. Although each isolate was distinct at the nucleotide level, the predicted protein sequence of HTLV-I env is less variable than that of human immunodeficiency virus env, suggesting that these lymphotropic retroviruses use different strategies to evade host immune responses.
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PMID:Sequence variants of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukemia do not distinguish neurological from leukemic isolates. 230 44

Three hundred seventy-seven prostitutes from Kinshasa, Zaire, were enrolled in a study to determine associated risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. Twelve samples (3.2%) were seropositive for HTLV-I; results for HIV-1 (101 [26.8%]) are reported elsewhere. HTLV-I prevalence increased with age, and seven of the seropositive women originated from the Equateur region, a remote area in northwestern Zaire. The prevalence among women from Equateur (7.2%) was higher than that of women from all other regions (1.8%, P = .02). Presence of HTLV-I antibodies was not associated with frequency or type of sex practice. In a subsequent study, 350 serum samples were obtained from a variety of subjects in the Equateur region in 1986. Nineteen (5.4%) showed antibodies to HTLV-I. These data and a recent report of a cluster of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis from this region suggest that HTLV-I is endemic in the Equateur region of Zaire.
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PMID:Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) among female prostitutes in Kinshasa, Zaire. 234 92

Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), a chronic myelopathy of unknown etiology, was studied in the Seychelles. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed with an indirect fluorescent antibody test in serum samples of 20 patients with TSP and 16 controls. Test results indicated that 17 patients (85%) and two controls (transverse myelopathy and clinically probable multiple sclerosis) were positive for HTLV-I. Serum samples of nine healthy controls and five with other neurologic diseases were negative for HTLV-I. No serum samples were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Estimated relative risk for TSP in those subjects whose serum is positive for HTLV-I antibodies is 40. This result is highly statistically significant. Although primarily associated with adult T-cell leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, HTLV-I could also be an etiologic agent of TSP.
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PMID:Human T-lymphotropic virus type I antibodies in the serum of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis in the Seychelles. 288 62

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ATLL)--or a cross-reacting retrovirus--has been associated with tropical spastic paraparesis in Martinique, Jamaica, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, the Seychelles, and probably also in Zaire. The Caribbean basin and sub-Saharan Africa are endemic for ATLL. A similar etiology has been invoked in a chronic spastic myelopathy occurring in areas of high ATLL endemicity in Japan. An HTLV-I viral antigen has been demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes of a Japanese patient with myelopathy. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I antibodies have occurred in patients in Florida and Japan (areas of HTLV-I endemicity) who were diagnosed as having clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), but not in patients with MS in other parts of the world. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I, like some lentiviruses--visna and human immunodeficiency virus, in particular--may be both lymphotropic and neurotropic. Tropical spastic paraparesis, the Japanese myelopathy, and, perhaps, an MS-like neurologic syndrome, may represent clinical variants of the same disease, a retroviral myelopathy.
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PMID:Retrovirus-associated myelopathies. 288 64

To investigate the possible occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) infections in the United States prior to 1979-1981, when acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized, we tested sera from 310 pregnant women who participated in the Collaborative Perinatal Project during the period 1959-1964 for HIV and HTLV-I antibody. These samples included sera from 53 pregnant women who were intravenous drug users. The remainder were from women who had cervical epithelial abnormalities, who developed cervical carcinomas, who had had children with erythroblastosis fetalis, who had had children that developed malignant neoplasms early in life, or normal pregnant women. None of the 310 women had confirmed HIV or HTLV-I antibody. The rate of false-positive reactions with the HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody test in these long-frozen samples was similar to that observed in fresh sera. HIV antibody was detected in homosexual patients with AIDS; HTLV-I antibody was not detected in any of these sera. HTLV-I antibody was detected in 17 of 20 patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and in two of seven patients with other neurological diseases diagnosed as transverse myelopathy and multiple sclerosis, and in none of nine normal controls; HIV antibody was not detected in any of these sera patients. Thus, we conclude that there was no serological evidence of infection with HIV or HTLV-I in the pregnant women studied; however, HIV antibody was present in all AIDS patients tested, and HTLV-I antibody was found in the majority of patients with TSP.
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PMID:HIV and HTLV-I antibody studies: pregnant women in the 1960s, patients with AIDS, homosexuals, and individuals with tropical spastic paraparesis. 289 97

Human lymphotropic retroviruses have been identified as the etiological agents of adult T-cell leukemia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been linked to the etiology of ATL, and human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) has been identified as the cause of AIDS. Both retroviruses are T-cell tropic. HTLV-I is a transforming virus, whereas HIV-1 is a cytopathic virus and kills the cells it infects. HTLV-I has recently been identified from some patients with tropical spastic paraparesis, and it appears that HTLV-I infection alone or in the presence of other cofactors may be important in the development of this neurological dysfunction.
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PMID:HTLV-I, adult T-cell leukemia, and tropical spastic paraparesis. 289 11


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