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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Roentgenologic, histopathologic, electron microscopic, virologic and immunologic studies were performed to investigate the etiologic features of recurrent parotitis in children. When examined sialographically and histopathologically, it was considered that pathologic changes in the parotid gland had developed as latent chronic inflammation with mild glandular destruction long before the disease became manifest clinically with acute exacerbation. Proliferation of the duct epithelium in the regenerative process and increase of intraductal pressure due to obstruction of the salivary outflow were assumed to be the causative factors of dilative changes of the peripheral ductal system. Investigation of complement fixation antibody, hemoagglutination inhibition antibody and neutralization antibody responses to mumps virus showed that onset of the disease was unrelated to mumps infection in the majority of cases. Increase of complement fixation antibody titer to various viruses was observed in many cases during acute exacerbation, and were considered to have brought about secondary ascending bacterial infection of the parotid gland by lowering of the systemic resistance. Comparison of serums IgA, IgG, IgM and salivary IgA in these patients with those of control children did not reveal participation of immunodeficiency in the development of this disease. But judging from the results of the long-term clinical follow-up study it was difficult to disregard the possibility that physiological immaturity of the immune response in young children may play some role in onset and recurrent exacerbation of the disease.
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PMID:A study on the pathogenesis of recurrent parotitis in childhood. 11 98

Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens. The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification), stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival. As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001). In addition, lymphopenia and reduced levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01). As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens (Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal. Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01) compared to those with diffuse lymphomas. In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma (particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular lymphoma.
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PMID:Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. 31 45

One of the most important aspects of preparing travelers for destinations throughout the world is providing them with immunizations. Before administering any vaccines, however, a careful health and immunization history and travel itinerary should be obtained in order to determine vaccine indications and contraindications. There are three categories of immunizations for foreign travel. The first category includes immunizations which are routinely recommended whether or not the individual is traveling. Many travelers are due for primary vaccination or boosting against tetanus-diphtheria, measles-mumps-rubella, pneumococcal pneumonia, and influenza, for example, and the pre-travel visit is an ideal time to administer these. The second category are immunizations which might be required by a country as a condition for entry; these are yellow fever and cholera. The final category contains immunizations which are recommended because there is a risk of acquiring a particular disease during travel. Typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, rabies, and hepatitis are some examples. Travelers who are pregnant or who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus require special consideration. Provision of appropriate immunizations for foreign travel is an important aspect of preventing illness in travelers.
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PMID:Immunizations for foreign travel. 133 7

There is indirect evidence that various viruses have aetiological roles in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. By means of a sensitive and specific method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we sought direct evidence for the presence in affected muscle of nucleic acid sequences from Coxsackie virus, mumps virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, adenovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II, and human immunodeficiency virus. RNA was extracted from muscle biopsy samples obtained from 44 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies a mean of 45 (range 0-216) months after disease onset. All the subjects were older than 16 years at disease onset. The integrity of the mRNA extracted was confirmed by the successful PCR amplification of insulin receptor mRNA in all samples. The PCR method was able to detect between 1 and 20 molecules of added viral nucleic acid for the picornaviruses sought. No detectable virus sequences were found, however, in any of the patients' muscle samples or in samples from 13 controls. We tested for retroviral DNA in 22 samples (17 patients, 5 controls) that met our criterion for adequate DNA extraction (detectable beta-actin DNA by PCR); again no virus sequences were found. Persistence in muscle of these or closely related viruses is unlikely to be a continuing stimulus for disease in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
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PMID:Viruses in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: absence of candidate viral genomes in muscle. 134 38

This study reports the course of measles and results of measles immunization in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Six cases of measles were identified. All had typical clinical manifestations, 5 of 6 developed pneumonia and 3 of 6 died. A measles intervention program consisting of serologic screening and active immunization (measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)) was instituted in 1990. Among 127 children with data available for analysis (mean age, 6.7 years), only 35% had documentation of prior immunization with MMR. Among 80 children who had preimmunization measles serology reported, 56% were measles antibody-negative and 40% were antibody-positive; following intervention 36% remained measles antibody-negative. Six children lost measles antibody over time. MMR nonresponders had lower CD4 lymphocyte counts (303 +/- 394) compared with responders (865 +/- 677; P = 0.0058). Measles is a potentially fatal illness in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Prevention strategies are limited by low rates of age-appropriate MMR immunization, poor antibody responses to MMR in older human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and seroreversion.
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PMID:Population-based study of measles and measles immunization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. 146 90

A method for the heat treatment of human IgG solution at 60 degrees C for 10 h was established. Human immunodeficiency, mumps, vaccinia and 4 other viruses were added to the IgG solution in 33% sorbitol and heated at 60 degrees C. Those viruses were inactivated within 1 h. Heat-treated intravenous IgG (IVIG-H) was prepared by heat treatment and polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation. Conventional nonheated intravenous IgG (IVIG-C) was prepared from the same source paste by the fractionation method. No physicochemical or biological difference was observed between the heated and control IVIG preparations.
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PMID:Inactivation and elimination of viruses during the fractionation of an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation: liquid heat treatment and polyethylene glycol fractionation. 249 19

Anergy is almost universal among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To determine the prevalence and correlates of anergy in a population at risk for AIDS, we performed skin tests in 1120 gay men who were enrolled in a prospective study of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Anergy, defined as no induration to any of four intradermal antigens, was present in 12%. Individually, no induration was detected in response to tetanus toxoid (41%), mumps (28%), candida (47%), and trichophyton (72%). Anergy was strongly associated with the presence of antibody to HIV and with a reduced number of T helper lymphocytes, but not independently with generalized lymphadenopathy, the number of reported male sexual partners in the previous 2 years, the number of T suppressor lymphocytes, or with high titers of antibodies to cytomegalovirus. Nine percent of HIV antibody-negative subjects and 20% of antibody-positive subjects were anergic; anergy is not specific for serologically documented HIV infection in this population. Skin testing with only tetanus toxoid, candida, and mumps antigens may be sufficient to detect anergy. In the presence of HIV antibody, the ability of anergy to predict progressive immunodeficiency remains to be determined.
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PMID:Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing and anergy in a population of gay men. 282 14

Congenital infection is uncommon and the cause of only a small proportion of handicap seen in children but some infections may be preventable or even treatable. As an example, the congenital rubella syndrome first described in the 1940s is preventable by use of the vaccine but cases still occur. It is hoped that with the introduction of the measles, mumps, rubella immunization for young children, rubella will become as rare in the UK as it is in the USA. Cytomegalovirus is now a more common cause of handicap than rubella but no vaccine has been developed. Although antiviral drugs are available for herpes simplex virus and vaccinia, infection mortality in the newborn is high, even following the use of these agents; many HSV infections in the newborn arise following primary and asymptomatic maternal infections so that treatment may start late in the course of the illness. The obstetrician needs to understand the natural history as well as possible investigations available for congenital infections. There may be warning signs which require action, such as herpetic lesions in the genital tract of the mother. Less specific abnormalities during pregnancy, such as intra-uterine growth retardation and spontaneous onset of preterm labour, may point to congenital infection. This chapter describes both antenatal and postnatal management of the major congenital infections. We have included recent research data that should influence clinical practice; studies on HSV which suggest that, for women with a history of recurrent infection, routine viral culture of the genital tract at the end of pregnancy is unnecessary; reports from both the USA and the UK that rubella immunization performed inadvertently during early pregnancy has not resulted in the congenital rubella syndrome. The chapter would not have been complete without a discussion of human immunodeficiency virus, of concern to the obstetrician and midwife. There is still much to be learned about the natural history of this infection in both the mother and infant.
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PMID:Infection of the fetus and the newborn: prevention, treatment and related handicap. 284 13

A polyclonal T-cell receptor complex (TCR) expression defect (as detected with monoclonal antibody WT31) has been found in two children belonging to an otherwise healthy Spanish family. One of the sibs (V, who had been vaccinated with attenuated poliomyelitis virus) showed clinical signs of immunodeficiency with an autoimmune syndrome, but the other (older) sib (D, vaccinated with attenuated rubella, measles, mumps, and poliomyelitis viruses) has been symptomless throughout life. In contrast to both sibs' normal expression of other peripheral leucocyte markers, as measured by flow cytometry (including CD1, CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD16), only about 6% of CD2+ polyclonal T cells expressed surface antigen-specific T-cell receptor (Ti/WT31), and only about 23% weakly expressed surface CD3 determinants. On the remaining CD2+ T cells in each sib the expression of Ti and CD3 was undetectable; the defect in CD3 expression is very likely secondary to the defect in Ti expression. Natural killer (NK) activity was not increased in any of the sibs, ruling out a high content of NK cells among their CD2+ lymphocytes. Functional data indicate that CD3-mediated T-cell activation with anti-CD3 monoclonals and Ti-mediated responses to allogeneic and tetanus toxoid antigens were severely depressed, whereas activation via CD2 was normal in the T lymphocytes of both sibs. Genes encoding for Ti alpha, beta, and gamma chains did not show major alterations by southern blot analysis, and polyclonal beta chain genes rearrangements were detected in both children's T-cell blasts. Family clustering suggests a genetic pathogenesis, but linkage to HLA or other blood group markers has not been found. Sib V had a concomitant autoimmune disease and died after a severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, indicating a relationship between the TCR and generation of autoimmune clones. However, the resistance of both individuals to infection and to vaccination with attenuated viruses, and the fact that sib D has been symptomless to date questions the relative importance of the TCR in the immune response against infection, and suggests that alternative T-cell activation pathways and non-specific defence mechanisms (external surfaces--bound and/or cellular) may suffice under certain circumstances.
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PMID:An in vivo functional immune system lacking polyclonal T-cell surface expression of the CD3/Ti(WT31) complex. 296 74

Sera from 31 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, representing different clinical stages of HIV infection, were assayed for antibodies against measles and mumps viruses by various serological tests and compared to 23 healthy controls. Sera from four patients (two primary, one asymptomatic, and one acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) exhibited a pronounced antibody response to measles as detected by haemagglutination inhibition and radioimmuno-precipitation assay. The RIPA-positive sera showed increased reactivity to all the viral components and in particular to the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus (Fig. 1). Three of these positive patients also showed a similar response to mumps virus. One of the control sera also showed an increase in antibody titre in measles serological tests. The measles antibodies were shown not be anti-HIV antibodies crossreacting with paramyxoviruses. The reactivity to haemagglutinin was still present when using nonglycosylated measles virus antigen grown in the presence of tunicamycin. Whether the accentuated antibody response is due to polyclonal activation mediated by HIV or to reactivation of the viruses remains to be answered.
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PMID:Accentuated antibody response to paramyxoviruses in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 305 90


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