Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to characterize systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae disease in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children. All cases of bacteremia and meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae among children less than 18 years old were collected by review of the Microbiology Laboratory records at the Bellevue Hospital Center during the period August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1993. There were 31 bouts of systemic S. pneumoniae disease in 19 of 235 HIV-1-infected children cared for by the Pediatric Infectious Disease staff and 116 bouts in 113 children not known to be HIV-1-infected. Four of the 19 HIV-1-infected children had multiple episodes of S. pneumoniae bacteremia as compared with 3 of 113 in the general population (P = 0.008). The frequency of serotypes and distribution of infections by season of the year did not differ between the 2 groups. The median ages at the time of the S. pneumoniae infection were 1.8 and 1.1 years for the HIV-1-infected children and the general population of children, respectively, when those children with multiple episodes were included for their initial episode only (P = 0.06). In the HIV-1-infected patients, 10 episodes were associated with pneumonia, 5 with pneumonia and otitis media, 5 with otitis media only, 1 with pneumonia and meningitis, 1 with meningitis only and 1 with periorbital cellulitis; 5 had no apparent focus of infection. One episode of pneumonia was complicated by lung abscess and there were 2 deaths. Most HIV-1-infected patients recovered without significant sequelae, and the clinical course of their systemic infections did not appear to be markedly different than that of healthy children.
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PMID:Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. 797 Sep 69

Studies of lentiviral infections of various animals and man have shown that all may invade the CNS and induce pathological lesions. This is well established in infections with VV, CAEV, SIV, HIV-1, and FIV. Although VV and CAEV do not cause an overt immunodeficiency, they share several features pertinent for the establishment of neuropathologic lesions with those that induce immunodeficiency. This holds especially true for the initial steps and early CNS lesions. 1) Infection of the CNS is from the blood stream. Although a definite proof of how the different viruses cross the blood-brain barrier remains to be brought forward there are indications that it may occur through migration of infected monocytes and/or lymphocytes into the brain. Furthermore free virus may enter the CNS, either directly or through infection of endothelial cells. 2) The lesion pattern at least in initial stages is similar; that is, it consists of meningitis, perivascular infiltrations especially of the deep white matter, and inflammation of the choroid plexus. In visna a local amplification of the inflammatory response is frequently observed in choroid plexus often with formation of active lymphoid follicles. Multinucleated giant cells are prominent in HIV-1 and SIV infections, but rare in VV, and practically nonexistent in infections with FIV and CAEV, possibly a reflection of differences in virus replication. Myelin breakdown is a feature of various lentiviral infections but its mechanisms and morphological expression may vary. Sharply demarcated plaques of primary demyelination seem to be unique for VV infection and vacuolar myelopathy for infection with HIV-1. 3) The main target cells in the brain are cells of the monocyte/macrophage/microglial lineage. In visna infected monocytes are found but evidence for infection of the enigmatic resident microglial cells is still lacking. Infection, especially productive, of neuroectodermal cells is rare, but may, however be important for viral persistence. Infection of endothelial cells occurs in the various lentiviral infections and may play a part in viral entry into the CNS and contribute to tissue damage. 4) The discrepancy between the frequency of productively infected cells and cell types infected and extent and character of pathological lesions, indicates that a mechanism other than the direct effect of the virus contributes to the evolution of CNS lesions. In HIV-1 infection evidence, mainly obtained by in vitro studies, indicates that lesions are mediated by cytokines and other toxic factors secreted by inflammatory or glial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neuropathologic aspects of lentiviral infections. 803 Sep 77

The literature contains reports documenting a foodborne etiology for bacterial infections caused by Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Vibrio spp in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of these infections and the life-threatening complications that result are elevated in people with HIV infection. We present practical recommendations to prevent foodborne illnesses and the resulting complications, including gastroenteritis, bacteremia, meningitis, and death. We suggest that patients with HIV infection be counseled to avoid foods at high risk for harboring bacterial pathogens and to use careful sanitary practices in food preparation.
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PMID:Foodborne bacterial infections in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus. 811 77

We present a case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection complicated by Streptococcus bovis meningitis and bacteremia and severe Strongyloides stercoralis colitis. The association between S. bovis infection and strongyloidiasis has not been described previously. This case highlights the importance of searching for larvae of S. stercoralis as part of the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract of patients with bacteremia or meningitis due to certain enteric organisms. The role of HIV infection in the development of severe S. stercoralis colitis in association with S. bovis bacteremia and meningitis is unclear.
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PMID:Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and meningitis associated with Strongyloides stercoralis colitis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 816 38

Antibodies directed to capsular polysaccharides form an essential component in the defence against infections with encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Immune responses to polysaccharide antigens can occur in the absence of a functional thymus and the antigens are therefore designated as thymus independent. However, regulatory T cells may influence the magnitude of the antibody response to capsular polysaccharide antigens. So-called thymus independent type 2 antigens share several features of their immune response such as late development of antibody synthesis in ontogeny, no memory formation and a restricted isotype (IgM, IgG2) and idiotype usage. In infants and young children up to the age of 2 years the antibody response to capsular polysaccharides is inadequate resulting in an increased incidence of diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, otitis and other forms of bacteremic disease. Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency does occur in a number of well defined immunodeficiency syndromes including hypo- or agammaglobulinaemia, selective IgA and/or IgG subclass deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge anomaly and also in acquired immune deficiencies such as AIDS, and some forms of lymphoid malignancies. In elderly and in conditions such as splenectomy an increased incidence of infections with encapsulated bacteria does occur, sometimes but not always on basis of a defect in antibody formation. Clinicians are often confronted with young patients older than 2 years of age suffering from recurrent severe bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. In these patients no overt immunodeficiency is demonstrable but recent results indicated that a small percentage may show a selective defect in the antibody response since upon vaccination with polysaccharide vaccines no increase in antibody titer does occur. Though antibodies to polysaccharide antigens in young children are mainly of the IgM and IgG1 (IgG3) isotype, in older children and adults the polysaccharide antibodies are predominantly localized in the IgG2 subclass. The bridge between IgG2 type antibodies and phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria is constituted by Fc gamma receptors for IgG2 on effector cells. The recent finding that allotypes of Fc gamma RIIa do exist that either bind or do not bind IgG2 type antibodies strongly suggests that the defence of a given individual to encapsulated bacteria apart from an intact antibody formation and the complement system also is determined by the allotype of the appropriate Fc gamma receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Immunodeficiency 1993
PMID:Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency states. 816 45

Prior to the introduction of conjugate vaccines, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of severe invasive infections in young children, in Switzerland as in other countries. From 1976 to 1990, 150 children were treated for Hib meningitis at the Children's Hospital of Lucerne, corresponding to an annual incidence of 9.2 cases per 100,000 children aged under 15 years. In the same time period, the case fatality rate for meningitis was 4%. 87.3% of the meningitis cases occurred among children aged under 5 years. For this age group an annual incidence of 26.4 cases per 100,000 children was calculated. From 1979 to 1990, 141 children were hospitalized for epiglottitis, corresponding to an annual incidence of 10.9 cases per 100,000 children aged under 15. The introduction of conjugated vaccines resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of invasive Hib disease. From 1991 to 1992, 9 cases each of meningitis and epiglottitis were observed. In 1993, only one case of meningitis and 2 cases of epiglottitis were seen. For children under 15 years these 21 cases represent annual incidences of 3.2 cases of meningitis and 3.6 cases of epiglottitis per 100,000 children. 2 of 10 meningitis cases occurred in twice vaccinated children under 2 years of age with no signs of immunodeficiency, and another case was seen in a 5-month-old infant vaccinated with only one dose. Assuming a vaccination coverage of 70% among children under 5 during the years 1991 and 1992, the calculated efficacy is 80 to 85% for the vaccine PRP-D in this predominantly affected age group during the period when only this vaccine was available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of conjugated PRP vaccines on the incidence of invasive diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type B in childhood]. 818 97

beta 2-Microglobulin and lysozyme were determined in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 137 patients, using immunofluorometry and ELISA, respectively. Of these patients, 54 were infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) (including 20 AIDS dementia patients), 73 were HIV1-seronegative with neurological diseases (meningitis (n = 10), multiple sclerosis (n = 29), other neurological diseases (n = 34)) and 10 were controls. Intrathecal synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin occurred in each group. Conversely, lysozyme intrathecal synthesis was found only in meningitis (10/10) and in HIV1-infection (24/54). A pathological increase in beta 2-microglobulin intrathecal synthesis (> or = 2 mg/l) was observed in 45 patients (34 HIV1-infected patients and 11 HIV1-seronegative patients with neurological diseases). Serum concentration and intrathecal synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin were correlated only in the 20 AIDS dementia patients. The cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin and lysozyme concentrations were correlated in the 54 HIV1-infected patients only. Blood CD4 + T-cell count was correlated negatively with beta 2-microglobulin intrathecal synthesis but not with lysozyme intrathecal synthesis. These data suggest that in the absence of any central nervous system opportunistic process the increase of beta 2-microglobulin intrathecal synthesis (> or = 2 mg/l) may be a reliable marker of central nervous system involvement in HIV1-infected patients. Intrathecal synthesis of lysozyme was related principally to HIV1-encephalitis and central nervous system opportunistic processes.
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PMID:Intrathecal synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin and lysozyme: differential markers of nervous system involvement in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 829 60

An 11 year old boy with recurrent meningitis/sepsis (once without positive bacterial culture, once with demonstration of Neisseria meningitidis in blood) was evaluated for suspected immunodeficiency. Absent activity of both the classical and alternative pathway of complement suggested a defect of the membrane attack complex. Immunochemical and functional analyses together with family studies revealed a homozygous defect of the seventh component of complement in the boy. This is the first description of C7 deficiency in a German family.
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PMID:[Homozygous C7 defect in a German family]. 832 61

Four weeks after an attack of pneumonia of unknown aetiology a 40-year-old woman was hospitalized because of a nonpurulent, predominantly basal meningoencephalitis and infratentorial abscesses. She had dysarthria, mild right-sided motor hemiparesis and central paresis affecting the 7th cranial nerve. An area of fluctuating resistance, about 3 cm in diameter, was noticed over the left thigh. Serology indicated inflammatory disease, but there was no immunodeficiency. The CSF showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with mild protein increase but no evidence of infective agent. As tubercular meningitis was suspected she was treated with rifampicin (300 mg i.v. twice daily), isoniazid (300 mg i.v. once daily), streptomycin (800 mg i.m. once daily), cefotaxime (2.0 g i.v. three times daily), fluconazole (200 mg i.v. once daily) and dexamethasone (16-8-8 mg i.v.). She suddenly died two days after admission, probably as the result of central regulatory failure. Generalized nocardiosis involving lung, subcutaneous tissue and brain was revealed at autopsy. Although nocardiosis occurs predominantly in patients under immunosuppression, this infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of treatment-resistant pneumonia and meningoencephalitis without obvious predisposition.
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PMID:[Generalized nocardiosis with meningoencephalitis in a nonimmunosuppressed female patient]. 837 98

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most frequent causes of pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Persons at high risk are young children, elderly, and individuals with immunodeficiency or with an underlying disease. Thanks to a network ot 111 laboratories spread all over Belgium, the evolution of the number of deep isolates of S. pneumoniae has been followed from 1986 to 1991: the recorded frequency increased with a mean number of isolations per laboratory and per year rising from 3.6 in 1986 to 6.2 in 1991. The objectives of this paper are to study the evolution of age and sex distribution of the patients, and of the origin of the isolates, and to propose solutions for slowing down this evolution.
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PMID:[Trends in pneumococcal infections in Belgium from 1986 to 1991]. 839 96


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