Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The synthetic peptides DP-107 and DP-178 (T-20), derived from separate domains within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane (TM) protein, gp4l, are stable and potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection and fusion. Using a computer searching strategy (computerized antiviral searching technology, C.A.S.T.) based on the predicted secondary structure of DP-107 and DP-178 (T-20), we have identified conserved heptad repeat domains analogous to the DP-107 and DP-178 regions of HIV-1 gp41 within the glycoproteins of other fusogenic viruses. Here we report on antiviral peptides derived from three representative paramyxoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3), and measles virus (MV). We screened crude preparations of synthetic 35-residue peptides, scanning the DP-178-like domains, in antiviral assays. Peptide preparations demonstrating antiviral activity were purified and tested for their ability to block syncytium formation. Representative DP-178-like peptides from each paramyxovirus blocked homologous virus-mediated syncytium formation and exhibited EC50 values in the range 0.015-0.250 microM. Moreover, these peptides were highly selective for the virus of origin. Identification of biologically active peptides derived from domains within paramyxovirus F1 proteins analogous to the DP-178 domain of HIV-1 gp4l is compelling evidence for equivalent structural and functional features between retroviral and paramyxoviral fusion proteins. These antiviral peptides provide a novel approach to the development of targeted therapies for paramyxovirus infections.
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PMID:Peptides from conserved regions of paramyxovirus fusion (F) proteins are potent inhibitors of viral fusion. 870 Sep 6

Combined effects of viral mutation, beneficial and adverse host immune responses, and alterations in immune function strongly fashion the pathogenesis and outcome of HIV infection. Understanding HIV can be aided by understanding hepatitis B and measles. Clinical remission and exacerbation in persistent hepatitis B virus infection is determined by the triad of viral mutation, induction of anergy, and host immune responses. Measles virus infects many of the same kinds of cells as HIV and causes an immunodeficiency as well that usually is spontaneously reversible. Lessons learned from comparative studies can assist in plotting approaches and strategies for immunoprophylactic and therapeutic interventions in HIV infections and AIDS.
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PMID:Overview: practical insights from comparative immunology and pathogenesis of AIDS, hepatitis B, and measles for developing an HIV vaccine. 870 86

Measles is often fatal for immunocompromised hosts. Protective immunity against measles has been studied but is still not completely understood. Recently, five cases of measles were encountered in immunocompromised children. Two of these were allogeneic bone marrow transplanted cases (one common variable immunodeficiency and one severe aplastic anemia) in remission, one Wilms' tumor case in remission, one hepatoblastoma case after cytotoxic therapy at disease onset and one exaggerating hemophagocytic syndrome case with suppressed natural killer cell activity. Clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and the immunologic backgrounds of these five patients were investigated. One of the patients, an 8 year old boy with hemophagocytic syndrome, died of giant cell pneumonia which was confirmed in the section of necropsy lung specimen. Two other patients who received allogeneic bone marrow transplants were not immune to measles, despite their own and their donors' immunizations. Their clinical symptoms were rather severe but both patients recovered and have remained seropositive for as long as 13 months. This fatality from measles is the first reported in a patient with hemophagocytic syndrome. Suppressed natural killer cell activity may be a poor prognostic factor. Also, secondary immunization failure for measles can occur in bone marrow transplanted patients with rather severe clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Clinical features of measles in immunocompromised children. 874 8

We report the case of a boy with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease in whom the diagnosis was made by examination of a rectal biopsy specimen. Intranuclear inclusions were observed in the Auerbach and Meissner plexuses. In an attempt to understand the physiopathology of this very rare disease, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis for viral nucleic acids of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, human cytomegalovirus and measles virus. No viral nucleic acids were detected in the biopsy specimen.
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PMID:Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease: polymerase chain reaction and ultrastructural study of rectal biopsy specimen in a new case. 878 58

This report provides updated information concerning the potential adverse events associated with vaccination for hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. This information incorporates findings from a series of recent literature reviews, conducted by an expert committee at the Institute of Medicine (IOM), of all evidence regarding the possible adverse consequences of vaccines administered to children. This report contains modifications to the previously published recommendations of the Advisory committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and is based on an ACIP review of the IOM findings and new research on vaccine safety. In addition, this report incorporates information contained in the "Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Use of Vaccines and Immune Globulins in Persons with Altered Immunocompetence" (MMWR 1993;42[No. 44-4]) and the "General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (MMWR 1994;43[No. RR-1]). Major changes to the previous recommendations are highlighted within the text, and specific information concerning the following vaccines and the possible adverse events associated with their administration are included: hepatitis B vaccine and anaphylaxis, measles vaccine and a) thrombocytopenia and b) possible risk for death resulting from anaphylaxis or disseminated disease in immunocompromised persons; diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP) and chronic encephalopathy; and tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines and a) Guillain-Barre syndrome, b) brachial neuritis, and c) possible risk for death resulting from anaphylaxis. These modifications will be incorporated into more comprehensive ACIP recommendations for each vaccine when such statements are revised. Also included in this report are interim recommendations concerning the use of measles and mumps vaccines in a) persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus and b) persons who are allergic to eggs; ACIP is still evaluating these recommendations.
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PMID:Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 880 42

Activated T helper (Th) cell-dependent (TD) antibody responses were determined over an 8-10 year period in 28 patients infected with HIV-1 subtype B. Twelve patients remain asymptomatic with normal CD4+ cell counts for 101-114 months. These individuals were defined as long-term asymptomatic (LTA). Sixteen patients progressed to severe immunodeficiency within 58-120 months. In samples derived close to the diagnosis of HIV-1, CD4+ cell counts were higher among the LTAs (P < 0.01). Antibody production driven by activated Th cells was determined using peptides corresponding to HIV-1 V3US/Eur, gp41, and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins. The less Th cell-dependent B cell antibody response was represented by measles virus immunity. Close to HIV-1 diagnosis, variable third (V3), gp41, HCV core, and measles antibody titres were at similar levels among the LTAs and the progressors. With time the LTAs displayed unchanged levels of V3 and gp41 antibodies, and slightly decreasing levels of HCV core antibodies (P < 0.05). In contrast, the progressors showed a decrease in all these antibody responses (P < 0.05, for all). In both groups, the levels of measles antibody remained stable. Our data show that no significant change of the antibody responses of LTAs is seen, even after 101-114 months of known HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, the marked decrease of TD antibody production in the progressors suggests that activated Th cells may be excellent targets for HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Site-directed serology of HIV-1 subtype B infection: relation between virus specific antibody levels and disease progression. 887 Jun 95

The timely facilitation of immunologic (immunoglobulin or vaccine) or antimicrobial prophylaxis is used in individuals who have been exposed to certain infectious diseases. Such methodology has been shown to be helpful in infections such as viral hepatitis types A and B, measles, varicella, rabies, and tuberculosis. The data supporting such use in rubella and mumps are not strong and information is still needed in hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, and Lyme borreliosis. This article reviews postexposure prophylaxis in these situations. Preventive strategies for meningococcal disease, group A streptococcus, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis are discussed elsewhere in this issue.
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PMID:Postexposure prophylaxis. 895 74

Classification, structure and characteristics of neurotropic viruses are briefly summarized. Neurotropic viruses causing acute infection include Japanese, Venezuelan equine, and California encephalitis viruses, polio, coxsackie, echo, mumps, measles, influenza, and rabies viruses as well as members of the family Herpesviridae such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalo and Epstein-Barr viruses. Those causing latent infection include herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses. Those causing slow virus infection include measles, rubella and JC viruses, and retroviruses such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus. Prion, which is not a virus but a host-derived non-physiological protein, causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathy such as kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that resemble slow virus infection.
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PMID:[Neurotropic viruses--classification, structure and characteristics]. 910 70

The rapid diagnosis of viral infection in nervous system is necessary for the effective treatment, since they progress so rapidly. The identification of infected virus can be achieved by amplifying DNA or RNA in virus, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Herpes simplex encephalitis is the most common and fruitful target for genetic diagnosis. Genetic diagnosis can also detect the presence of cytomegalovirus, EB virus, human herpes 6 virus, herpes zoster virus, HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1), measles virus, mumps virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, rubella virus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and HCV (hepatitis C virus). However, the presence of the virus does not always mean a recent infection by the virus, nor a cause of the disease.
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PMID:[Genetic diagnosis of viral diseases in nervous system]. 910 80

Research has demonstrated that oral mucosal transudate (OMT), a serum-derived fluid that enters saliva from the gingival crevice and across oral mucosal surfaces, can be preferentially concentrated by a novel collecting system to yield detectable levels of immunoglobulins (i.e., IgG and IgM antibodies) against various bacterial and viral diseases. Assays based on OMT can aid in the diagnosis of disease and in the management of therapeutic drugs. A reliable and accurate OMT-based test to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies is commercially available. Additional tests based on similar technologies may aid in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis, measles, mumps, and rubella as well as in monitoring levels of therapeutic drugs such as theophylline. The future use of OMT-based testing will likely increase because of the inherent advantages of this technology: convenience; avoidance of inadvertent transmission of blood-borne pathogens; ease of use in pediatric and geriatric populations; as well as the potential for blood-free home and workplace collection of patient samples.
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PMID:Future applications of oral fluid specimen technology. 921 35


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