Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-one asymptomatic adults who had recently received multiple polysaccharide, live viral, and protein-derived vaccines were identified as being infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mean subject age was 24 years (range 18-33); 20 of 21 (95%) were male. The mean T4 count was 523/mm3 with a mean T4/T8 ratio of 0.6. Serologic responses to immunization with meningococcus group C, adenovirus types 4 and 7, tetanus, and diphtheria were evaluated for the HIV seropositive subjects and were compared with the responses of similarly vaccinated age-, sex-, and race-matched HIV-seronegative controls. Significantly fewer (p less than 0.03) HIV subjects responded to meningococcus C (bactericidal antibody) and adenovirus 4 (neutralizing antibody) vaccines than did normals; the HIV-infected subjects who did respond produced functional antibody comparable to that of normals. Booster responses of HIV subjects to tetanus and diphtheria were comparable to those of normals. HIV-infected vaccine nonresponders did not differ from HIV-infected responders in total white blood cell, T4, T4/T8, total serum IgG, or delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test reactivity. All HIV subjects had negative cultures for live vaccine viruses (rubella, measles, adenovirus, and poliovirus). Postimmunization, no clinically apparent adverse reactions to vaccination were detected.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of multiple conventional immunizations administered during early HIV infection. 167 80

One hundred five asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive adults were screened for measles antibody. Ages ranged from 21 to 59 years (mean, 35.7). CD4+ lymphocyte counts (range, 76-1137/mm3), percentage of CD4+ cells (6-42), CD4:CD8 ratio (0.08-1.3), measles antibody titers by EIA, and undocumented history of prior measles or immunization were obtained. Forty-six patients gave a history of measles but no immunization, 18 of immunization but no measles, 26 of immunization and measles, and 15 of neither measles nor vaccination. Only one patient (less than 1%) lacked levels of antibody considered protective. Neither the presence nor the level of antibody were predictable from patient age, history of measles or immunization, CD4+ lymphocyte count, percentage of CD4+ cells, or CD4:CD8 ratio. Nearly all subjects had antibody to measles, regardless of immunization or measles history. Whether these antibodies are truly protective is unknown.
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PMID:Prevalence of measles antibodies in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. 153 66

Our recent efforts have been directed at the development of selective inhibitors of different classes of viruses, including adeno, pox, and herpesviruses [herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)], (+/-)RNA viruses (reo- and rotavirus), (-)RNA viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, measles, respiratory syncytial, vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus) and retroviruses [i.e. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS]. In this search, the following molecular targets were envisaged: for DNA viruses in general, the viral DNA polymerase; for herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, the viral DNA polymerase via a specific phosphorylation by the viral 2'-deoxythymidine (dThd) kinase; for (+/-)RNA and (-)RNA viruses, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase, a key enzyme in transmethylation reactions required for the maturation of viral mRNA; for retroviruses, reverse transcriptase as initiator of virus replication and/or cell transformation; and for several enveloped viruses (i.e. retro-, herpes- and rhabdoviruses), virus adsorption to the outer cell membrane. Several new compounds have been developed that appear to act at these targets: i.e. (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine [bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVDU)] and derivatives thereof [i.e. carbocyclic BVDU (C-BVDU)] as well as derivatives of acyclovir (i.e. 8-substituted acyclovir derivatives) as inhibitors of herpesviruses; (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA], 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and other phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines and -pyrimidines as inhibitors of DNA viruses and retroviruses; acyclic and carbocyclic analogues of adenosine [such as (S)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [S)-DHPA), carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine (C-c3Ado), (RS)-3-adenin-9-yl-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (AHPA) alkyl esters, neplanocin A, 3-deazaneplanocin A and the 5'-nor derivatives of neplanocin A and 3-deazaneplanocin A] as inhibitors of (+/-)RNA and (-)RNA viruses; 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues as inhibitors of retroviruses; and sulfated polysaccharides (i.e. heparin, dextran sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, mannan sulfate), sulfated polyvinylalcohol and co-polymers of sulfated polyvinylalcohol with acrylic acid as inhibitors of retro-, herpes- and rhabdoviruses.
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PMID:Selective virus inhibitors. 169 49

Sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate) and sulfated polymers (i.e., sulfated polyvinylalcohol and sulfated copolymers of acrylic acid with vinylalcohol) were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus type A (influenza A virus) but not of other myxoviruses (parainfluenza 3, measles, and influenza B viruses). The compounds were also inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus but not simian AIDS-related virus. The mode of antiviral action of the sulfated polysaccharides and polymers can be attributed to an inhibition of virus binding to the cells (HIV-1), inhibition of virus-cell fusion (influenza A virus), or inhibition of both virus-cell binding and fusion (RSV). The fact that the sulfated polysaccharides and polymers are inhibitory to some myxoviruses and retroviruses but not to others seems to depend on the composition of the amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins that are involved in virus-cell binding and fusion. All myxoviruses and retroviruses that are sensitive to the sulfated polysaccharides and polymers share a tripeptide segment (Phe-Leu-Gly). This tripeptide segment may be involved either directly (as a target sequence) or indirectly in the inhibitory effects of the compounds on virus-cell binding and fusion.
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PMID:Differential inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharides and polymers on the replication of various myxoviruses and retroviruses, depending on the composition of the target amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins. 172 92

An increase in illness due to measles is one of the potential consequences of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Africa. During a study of perinatal HIV transmission conducted in Kenya, the risk of acquiring measles before vaccination (9 months of age) was found to be 3.8 times higher in infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers than in control infants (10 [9%] of 109 vs. 5 [3%] of 194 infants; P = .02; odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-13.2). The majority of infants who developed measles in this study had significant sequelae related to their measles infection. The increased risk of measles appeared to be related to relatively lower anti-measles antibody titers detected in cord blood samples of affected infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers. However, 94% of all infants were susceptible to measles on the basis of ELISA testing at age 6 months regardless of maternal HIV serology. These observations highlight the need for improved measles vaccination strategies in Africa and for studies to delineate the effects of HIV infection on the incidence, presentation, and sequelae of childhood infectious illnesses.
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PMID:Increased risk of early measles in infants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive mothers. 173 Aug 93

Specific antibody synthesis in brain could be detected with maximal sensitivity by combining an advanced enzyme immunoassay with a sophisticated evaluation method that involves calculating the ratio between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum quotients for specific antibodies (Qspec) and total IgG (QIgG). This Antibody Index (AI = Qspec/QIgG) discriminates between a blood-derived and a pathological, brain-derived specific antibody fraction in CSF and takes into account individual changes in blood/CSF barrier function. For local synthesis of polyclonal IgG in the central nervous system (QIgG greater than QLim), we propose the correction AI = Qspec/QLim (QLim represents that IgG fraction in CSF originating only from blood, calculated from the individual albumin quotient of a single patient). The normal reference range for the AI was between 0.7 and 1.3 (n = 250 control patients for each antibody species). Values of AI greater than or equal to 1.5 indicated a local specific antibody synthesis in the central nervous system. Sensitivity and precision were greatest if we analyzed the virus-specific antibodies in CSF and serum simultaneously with an enzyme immunoassay in continuous concentrations (arbitrary units) instead of titer steps. We have applied the method successfully to antibodies to measles, rubella, herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and cytomegalovirus, and to anti-Toxoplasma or -Borrelia antibodies. Clinical relevance is demonstrated for an acute zoster virus infection (monospecific response), chronic diseases such as HIV encephalitis with acute opportunistic Toxoplasma infection, and multiple sclerosis (secondary polyspecific response).
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PMID:Quantification of virus-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: sensitive and specific detection of antibody synthesis in brain. 185 84

The 863 patients, aged 10 years and younger, treated at the Children's Chest Clinic of Bellevue Hospital during three decades (1953 through 1981) clearly indicated the success of antituberculosis therapy. There were no deaths from tuberculosis. Early treatment is associated with a reduction in the serious forms of disease, eg, meningitis, miliary disease, and bone infections, and with preventing death. Medication was well tolerated: only 1.1% of the patients had adverse reactions, all of which were reversible. Consistent compliance with medication of only 62% of patients is a challenge to the medical profession. Only 22.5% of mycobacterial cultures were positive. Long-term follow-up of patients was rewarding: seven pregnancies with healthy mothers and babies, and no reactivation of tuberculosis by later infections, even those such as measles or pneumonia. The severity of disease was related largely to patient's age (3 years and younger) and intimacy of contact, the highest rate being when the mother was the contact. The long-term experiences emphasizes the value of early identification, therapeutic compliance, and comprehensive contact, tracing in the future elimination of tuberculosis. Prophylactic therapy and close observation should be considered for contacts, especially those exposed to human immunodeficiency virus infections and addicted to drugs.
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PMID:Tuberculosis in children 10 years of age and younger: three decades of experience during the chemotherapeutic era. 186 20

Background. Herd immunity describes the collective immunocompetence of a population and its ability to resist disease. The diseases of mycobacteria, salmonella, hepatitis A, cryptosporidia, syphilis, measles, influenza, and numerous others recently have been seen in epidemic proportions in the United States. An association between these superimposed secondary infections and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic can be made since the HIV's imposition on individual immunity has ramifications on a population level through a decline in herd immunity. Conclusion. Exploring these epidemic phenomena as consequential to a reduction in herd immunity can provide a unifying hypothesis to explain existing and predict future infectious disease epidemic dynamics. The benefits of acting upon these implications has advantages for both the HIV infected and the uninfected.
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PMID:Herd immunity and the HIV epidemic. 186 55

In sera of 38 patients with sarcoidosis, assayed for antiviral antibody to Rubella, Measles, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), different incidence of seropositivity have been found, according to the virus assayed. Interestingly all patients were seropositive to rubella virus with high titres compared to data obtained from normal age matched population. These data indicate that in Sarcoidosis an altered antibody response of post-primary type can be found.
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PMID:Sarcoidosis and infections by human lymphotropic viruses. 216 Nov 22

A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed for detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) core protein. The monoclonal antibody (clone 6.11) specifically recognizes the p19 gag gene-encoded protein of the virus. The EIA was over 100 times more sensitive than reverse transcriptase measurement and was capable of responding to less than 500 pg of whole-virus lysate. The assay exhibited type specificity in that HTLV-II antigens failed to produce a positive signal. In addition, a panel of other viruses demonstrated no antigenic cross-reactivity. These included herpesviruses, measles virus, human immunodeficiency viruses, and others. Viral p19 was followed during the course of density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of detergent, where it was noted to associate with viral membrane proteins. In comparison, reverse transcriptase activity localized in fractions of higher density containing envelope-free cores. Of clinical interest, the EIA was used to detect HTLV-I antigen in the viral cultures of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathies and from symptom-free individuals with proviral integration.
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PMID:Immunodetection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I core protein in biological samples by using a monoclonal antibody immunoassay. 219 Oct 15


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