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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

New West African human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-2s) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) contain functional transactivator (tat) gene and tat response elements. Their long terminal repeats (LTR) and tat genes are more related among themselves than to HIV-1 LTR and tat gene. The viral gene expression of HIV-2 as well as SIV can be stimulated by T cell activators, such as mitogens and phorbol esters. HIV-2 and SIV display a much broader transactivation response specificity than does HIV-1. The LTR-directed gene expression of HIV-2/SIV is not only transactivated by their own tat gene and by HIV-1 tat gene but also by factors in human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) and simian virus 40 (SV40) infected cells, involving HTLV-I tat gene and SV40 T antigens, respectively. HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression is much less transactivated by HIV-2/SIV tat genes and by factors in HTLV-I- and SV40-infected cells. Immune activation and heterologous transactivation of the LTR-directed gene expression may be relevant to the latency of virus infection and progression toward the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Human and simian immunodeficiency retroviruses: activation and differential transactivation of gene expression. 284 Jan 5

The human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) isolated from a nasopharynx carcinoma patient 17 years ago has a RNA genome 11 kb in size. It encodes besides the gag, pol, and env genes several novel genes (S1 and bel 1, 2, and 3) that are comparable to the regulatory genes R, X, tat, art, and 3'-orf of the human (HIVs) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) with respect to genomic location and to sizes of the putative gene products. A comparison between the HIV protein sequences of the pol and the novel genes to the corresponding gene product sequences of HSRV revealed that HSRV is related to the lentiviruses but occupies a distinct phylogenetic placement of its own. A detailed analysis of the reverse transcriptase domain allows the construction of a phylogenetic tree for the known retroviral subfamilies and/or groups, including the oncoviruses, the lentiviruses, the spumaviruses, the HLTV-BLV group, and the D-type viruses. Regions of the putative novel HSRV gene products with segmental protein sequence homology to the regulatory protein of other human retroviruses are discussed. The results strengthen the view that HSRV and its novel genes should be studied in comparison to the new genes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) viruses and human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV).
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PMID:Genomic organization of the human spumaretrovirus and its relatedness to AIDS and other retroviruses. 285 7

Four adults form four separate households were found to have simultaneous retroviral infections with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These individuals were seropositive for the HTLV-I env transmembrane protein p21E, and all had antibodies to the HTLV-I core polypeptide p24. All four patients also had antibodies to the HIV env transmembrane polypeptide p41E and to the HIV core polypeptide p24. HTLV-I was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of all four individuals, and both viruses were isolated from two of them. Evidence of HIV transmission was noted in the family contacts. Eight of 10 children of these four adults were seropositive for HIV, presumably because of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. Two of five spouses of these adults were examined; these spouses had antibodies to HIV and were positive for virus. No evidence of HTLV-I transmission was noted in these families.
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PMID:Simultaneous infections with human T cell leukemia virus type I and the human immunodeficiency virus. 288 Sep 17

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was rapidly cytopathic to SKT-1B, a cell line established from a patient with adult T cell leukemia, in vitro. This cytopathic effect was preceded by the expression of HIV antigen, defined with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the core protein (p24) of HIV. SKT-1B is highly susceptible to HIV as compared with MT-2 and H9 cells. HIV is known to be transmitted via blood products, and thus we examined whether or not currently used procedures for manufacturing blood products are safe by using SKT-1B. Lyophilized HIV was heated at 65 degrees for time periods in the range of 10 min to 48 hr, and the infectivity was examined. The results showed that heating at 65 degrees for less than 2 hr was not sufficient to inactivate HIV, but the virus heated for 48 hr had no effect on SKT-1B. In addition, HIV completely lost its infectivity on sulfonation, which is commonly used to avoid anaphylactic shock on intravenous infusion of human immunoglobulins. These findings indicate that blood products manufactured by currently used procedures are probably safe with respect to HIV infection.
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PMID:Evaluation of the safety of blood products with respect to human immunodeficiency virus infection by using an HTLV-I-infected cell line (SKT-1B). 288 6

Soluble interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R) from human retrovirus-infected cells were analyzed. All the T cell lines integrated with human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I and -II, or transfected with HTLV-I gag-pX gene, were found to release high levels of IL 2R constitutively. In contrast, this was not found in T cell lines in which HTLV-I was integrated but not expressed, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected T cell lines, or T cell, B cell, granulocyte and macrophage cell lines which were HTLV-I negative. These results raise the possibility that the pX-gene product might stimulate the generation of soluble IL 2R. In the sera from patients with adult T cell leukemia, large amounts of IL 2R were released, in contrast to sera from healthy carriers of HTLV-I. The molecular weight of IL 2R was determined to be about 50 KD by size-exclusion HPLC.
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PMID:High levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptors released from human retrovirus-infected cells. 288 14

More sophisticated knowledge of the different strains of seemingly closely related retroviruses is essential to understanding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and developing a successful vaccine. Distinct exogenous human retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent in AIDS; human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which has been linked with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; and HTLV-II, a virus closely linked to HTLV-I but not definitively implicated in human disease. Closely related to HIV-1 is simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3 mac). 30-70% of over 1000 African green monkeys tested possess antibodies to STLV-3 proteins. Of interest is the contrasting pathogenicity of HTLV-3 in seropositive Asian macques and African green monkeys; the former always have clinical or pathological evidence of immunosuppressive disease, while the latter remain healthy. Given the apparent ability of African green monkeys to mount an effective immune response against infection with STLV-3, this retrovirus offers a model system for the study of AIDS pathogenesis. It was hypothesized that STLV-3 is a distant progenitor of the AIDS virus, and that HIV-1 may have originated in Africa through the chance transmission of a simian virus to humans. A 4th human T-lymphotropic retrovirus, isolated from healthy Senegalese prostitutes in 1985 and termed HTLV-4/HIV-2, has viral proteins similar to those of STLV-3 and HIV-1. Although HTLV-4/HIV-2 is prevalent among high risk groups in West Africa, it is not associated with immunosuppression; this suggests a unique species-specific pathogenicity similar to that in STLV-3.
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PMID:The origins of HIV-1 and HTLV-4/HIV-2. 289 92

We report the detection of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the cultured lymphocytes of a 45-year-old Zairian man with AIDS. HIV was successfully isolated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and competition radioimmunoassay. However, by the culture techniques used, HTLV-I could not be separated from the HIV. Western blot analysis of the patient's serum showed the presence of both HTLV-I- and HIV-specific antibodies. The finding of this dual infection may explain reports that greater than or equal to 30% of patients with AIDS are positive for antibodies to HTLV-I.
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PMID:Detection of human T cell leukemia virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus in cultured lymphocytes of a Zairian man with AIDS. 302 38

We evaluated various detection methods to identify amplified human retroviral sequences after Thermus aquaticus-directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A combination of hybridization formats and direct incorporation assays provided the most information. This multiphasic approach enabled us to detect specific human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-homologous regions in several HTLV-I-seronegative patients with T cell lymphoma, as well as variants of HTLV-I and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients with prototype disease. In all diagnostic assays designed to detect a particular retrovirus, it was necessary to include a hybridization step, because sequences (endogenous or exogenous) homologous to certain primers were present in most human DNA preparations and yielded discrete products, sometimes of the predicted molecular weight, after amplification. These products could be discriminated by hybridization from amplified prototype proviral sequences. The intensity of the signal generated after hybridization was proportional to input target DNA, an observation making it feasible to quantitatively measure the proviral load in a DNA sample.
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PMID:Enzymatic gene amplification: qualitative and quantitative methods for detecting proviral DNA amplified in vitro. 319 34

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a primary genetic immunodeficiency disease predisposing to cancer. Approximately 40% of patients with AT develop malignancy, usually of the lymphoid system. Increased chromosome breakage in AT leads to rearrangements such as translocations and inversions. The preferred chromosome breakpoints in AT involve genes in the immune system: the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene loci in chromosome bands 2p12, 14q32, and 22q11 and the T cell receptor (TCR) gene loci in chromosome bands 7p13, 7q35, and 14q11. Identical chromosome breakpoints are observed in chromosome rearrangements in normal T cells, Burkitt's lymphoma, and adult T cell leukemia. Molecular analysis of these chromosome rearrangements reveals recombination between an oncogene and Ig or between Ig and TCR. In AT, chromosome rearrangements connect the immune system to lymphoid cancer.
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PMID:Chromosome changes connect immunodeficiency and cancer in ataxia-telangiectasia. 349 17

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) to chimpanzee antibodies directed against a synthetic peptide corresponding to a native epitope associated with gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein were produced in rabbits. The peptide was analogous to amino acid sequences 735 to 752 from the human T cell leukemia virus-IIIB isolate of HIV. Characteristics of the anti-Id preparation included: 1) detection of a shared determinant present on a second chimpanzee and one of three rabbit antibody preparations directed against the synthetic peptide, 2) failure to recognize an idiotype (Id) in BALB/c mouse antisera to the peptide, and 3) partial inhibition of the homologous chimpanzee Id preparation from binding either peptide or a recombinant HIV gp160 preparation. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the anti-Id induced an antipeptide response which bound a recombinant gp160 preparation without subsequent peptide or gp160 exposure. The anti-gp160 containing sera from mice immunized with anti-Id were able to inhibit the Id-anti-Id reaction indicating that an Id-positive antibody response was induced. This Id is not normally expressed in the murine anti-gp 160 immune response to the synthetic peptide and suggests that this anti-Id may activate normally silent clones. This study indicates that Id networks may be operational during the immune response to HIV epitopes. Alternatively, anti-Id may be useful in altering the serologic characteristics of an antibody response to HIV and may offer potential for modulating the immune response in this viral infection.
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PMID:Immune response to human immunodeficiency virus. In vivo administration of anti-idiotype induces an anti-gp160 response specific for a synthetic peptide. 366 51


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