Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic renal failure induces a clinical state of immunodefi ciency that also depends upon a wide spectrum of dialysis membranes used during hemodialysis. Previous studies have shown that cellular immunodeficiency is caused by malfunc tion of the antigen presenting cells (monocytes or granulocytes). Subsequent activation of rolling mononuclear leuko cytes results in up-regulated expression of CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) on endothelial cells. It is postulated that a VitE coated dialysis membrane might minimize the membrane biocompatibility, thereby generating a smaller amount of re active oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of the CD11b/CD18 adhesion mole cule on lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes during HD in 10 patients, using flow cytometric analysis. The study protocol included the measurement of molecule expression using cellulose membrane (Clirans RS15, TERUMO Corp. Japan), and the same membrane coated by vitamin E (Exce brane, Clirans E15, TERUMO Corp., Japan) during 20 dialysi sessions each. Lymphocyte CD11 b/CD1 8 (Mac-1) expression did not change with either dialyzer type. However, monocyt (p = 0.046) and granulocyte (p = 0.018) CD11b/CD18 ex pression in the post HD period was significantly lower using the vitamin E coated membrane compared with the contro cellulose membrane. Our findings suggest a significant de crease in activation and migration of monocytes and granu locytes when using a vitamin E coated cellulose membrane.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin E modified cellulose membrane on human lymphocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte CD11b/CD18 adhesion molecule expression during hemodialysis. 1173 Jan 99

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a clinicopathological entity characterised by proteinuria, rapidly developing azotemia and histologically by collapsig variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with acute tubular necrosis and mild interstitial inflammation. Untreated, it may result in end stage renal disease (ESRD) in as little as four months. The incidence of HIVAN continues to increase and is the single most common cause of chronic renal disease in HIV-1 seropositive patients. It affects predominantly black individuals. Exact pathogenesis is still not clear but a great deal of progress has been made in the recent past by studies on transgenic mouse model, renal cell cultures and from study of human biopsy material. Current considerations revolve around the role of HIV or protein in renal epithelium and the effects of cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor on renal structures. Different modalities of treatment with corticosteroids, zidovudine or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been tried with modest success.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. 1183 70

Chronic renal failure induces a clinical state of cellular and humoral immunodeficiency that also depends on the time duration of blood contact with the wide spectrum of dialysis membranes use during long-term hemodialysis treatments. In end stage renal failure (ESRD) patients it is possible to induct state of chronic inflammation mostly caused by leukocytes and complement activation. It is postulated that the vitamin E-coated dialysis membrane minimalizes unbiocompatible reactions that generate smaller amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of classical and vitamin E coated cellulose membranes on the expression of CD 4 and CD 8 adhesion molecules on lymphocytes during HD in 10 patients using flow cytometric analysis. The study protocol included the measurement of molecules expression using cellulose membrane (Clirans RS15, TERUMO Corp., Japan), and the same membrane coated by vitamin E (Excebrane, Clirans E15, TERUMO Corp., Japan) during 20 dialysis sessions with each kind of membrane. During dialysis with classical cellulose membrane, significant decrease of lymphocyte serum level and increase of lymphocyte CD4 expression was observed. During the session with vitamin E coated membranes we did not observe any significant changes in serum CD4, CD8, CD4+8+ lymphocyte level, and also lymphocyte CD4, and CD8 expression on lymphocytes. Our findings suggest the potential role of vitamin E-coated cellulose membrane to minimalize negative reaction of the T lymphocyte subpopulation in ESRD patients treated on long-term dialysis.
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PMID:[Effect of vitamin E-modified membrane on expression of coreceptors CD4, CD8 on lymphocytes in chronic hemodialysis patients]. 1186 41

A case of the cerebellar form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) without remarkable immune depression or immune deficiency is reported here. The patient was a 74-year-old-woman who had complications of chronic renal failure and renal anemia for several years. Seven months before her death she had symptoms of general fatigue, gait disturbance and articulation disorder. During her hospitalization period her neurological disorder gradually progressed irreversibly with failure of consciousness and she died of respiratory failure. She did not have remarkable clinical signs of immunodeficiency nor did she receive immunosuppressive therapy. Clinically she had not been diagnosed with PML. At the post-mortem examination different degrees of demyelination were observed in the brain white matter: diffuse and severe in the cerebellum, moderate and coalescent in the brainstem, and light and patchy in the cerebrum. JC virus antigen-positive cells were frequently observed in the demyelinated lesions in the cerebrum and sometimes observed in the brainstem, but were rarely found in the cerebellum. These findings suggest that PML lesions may be present with different degrees of demyelination that are inversely correlated with the number of JC virus-infected cells. This fact should be considered when evaluating the brain biopsies of PML patients.
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PMID:Autopsy case of the cerebellar form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without immunodeficiency. 1203 Apr 15

End-stage renal failure (ESRD) induces a clinical state of immunodeficiency with a higher incidence of infections and a higher mortality due to infectious complications compared with the normal population. Using a newly developed immunofluorescent staining of intracellular cytokines for flow cytometric analysis, we studied Th subsets in 22 healthy control subjects, 28 patients with compensated chronic renal failure (CRF), 25 patients on hemodialysis (HD), and 24 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Our results demonstrate that the percentage of both interferon-gamma-positive cells and interleukin-4-positive cells increased in compensated CRF patients compared with those in healthy subjects. Moreover, a significantly higher percentage of CD4-positive cells is characterized by a Th1-type cytokine production pattern in HD patients and by a Th2-type cytokine secretion pattern in CAPD patients. These results suggest that the altered Th1/Th2 balance may be associated with the pathogenesis of ESRD.
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PMID:Characterization of TH1/TH2 profile in uremic patients. 1211 83

As antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (ANCA-RPGN) has a high risk of end stage renal failure and is a potentially life threatening disease, early aggressive therapy is recommended. However, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy may lead to immunodeficiency and subsequent mortality in the patients with this disease. Therefore, we need the index of immunodeficiency to cure the disease. To evaluate any risk factors, including therapies, on mortality in ANCA-RPGN, we conducted a retrospective investigation on patient survival in 32 patients with ANCA-RPGN by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox regression model. Fourteen patients were treated with leucocytapheresis (LAP group) and the 18 patients were treated by steroid pulse therapy (steroid pulse group) as initial treatment. The patients were chosen for the different therapies at random. Two patients in the LAP group, and eight patients in the steroid pulse group had died within 6 months. The lymphocyte counts and CD4 cell counts after complete course of therapy were lower in the patients who died than in those who survived in the steroid pulse group. Patient survival was higher in the LAP group than in the steroid pulse group, but did not reach statistical significance. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the factors influencing patient survival were initial serum creatinine, LAP therapy, CD4 cell counts, and lymphocytes at the end of treatment. Age, titer of MPO-ANCA, and percent of glomerular crescents were not found to have an effect on the patient survival. We recommend: that early diagnosis should be established, and immunosuppressive therapy may be done with monitoring of the lymphocyte and CD4 cell count.
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PMID:Decreased CD4 lymphocyte count as a marker predicting high mortality rate in managing ANCA related rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. 1213 61

As part of a program to determine the genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus in rural Kenya, we carried out a molecular analysis of the C2-V3 region of HIV-infected blood samples obtained from 30 antenatal clinic attendees of seven health centers in western Kenya. Direct sequencing was carried out on the envelope C2-V3 region of proviral DNA. On phylogenetic analysis with reference strains, 20 were subtype Al, 2 were subtype D, 1 was subtype C, 1 was subtype G, 1 was CRF-10, 2A/D, 2A/C, and 2 were unclassified. The presence of CRF-10 and the great variety of subtypes and recombinants in such a limited sample size suggest that western Kenya may be a potential hotspot for HIV recombination in the country.
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PMID:Identification of env CRF-10 among HIV variants circulating in rural western Kenya. 1264 81

Patients with renal failure represent a population at risk for hepatitis B, since only 50 to 60% of them develop protective humoral responses after vaccination. As this could be due to an altered regulation of cellular immune responses, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the proliferative abilities of lymphocytes from patients with chronic renal failure after stimulation in vitro with a mitogen (pokeweed mitogen [PWM]) or HBsAg. In order to differentiate between the immunodeficiency associated with renal failure and that due to immunosuppression posttransplantation, the same subjects were tested before and 4 months after kidney transplantation. The lymphoproliferation assay used was performed by flow cytometry, which is based on sequential analysis of the cell cycle and which allows analysis of cytokine production. Serologically, the group of 36 patients tested comprised 22% nonresponders, 30% poor responders, and 48% responders. Lymphocyte growth was observed for all patients after stimulation with PWM, indicating that these cells had the capacity to proliferate in vitro. The level of lymphoproliferation in response to PWM was significantly reduced after transplantation, yet both before and after transplantation, all serologic nonresponders developed cellular responses to at least two vaccines. No correlation between humoral and cellular responses was shown. Proliferating cells were lymphocytes, which mostly secreted interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10 for the three serologic groups. This study suggests that even when repeated vaccination fails to induce significant antibody levels in patients with renal failure, specific HBs cellular responses develop, and these may prove to be efficient in protecting these patients against hepatitis B.
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PMID:Anti-HBs cellular immune response in kidney recipients before and 4 months after transplantation. 1460 76

Several human monoclonal antibodies can neutralize a range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary isolates but their potency and related ability to suppress generation of HIV-1 escape mutants is significantly lower than the activity of antiretroviral drugs currently in clinical use. Recently, a human Fab, X5, was identified and found to neutralize primary isolates from different clades. Further improvement of the potency and breadth of HIV-1 neutralization by this antibody could be critical for its potential use in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. However, increasing potency of an antibody by selection from libraries may lead to a decrease in the breadth of neutralization. In an attempt to solve this problem, we subjected a random mutagenesis library of the scFv X5 to sequential rounds of selection on non-homologous HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) dubbed sequential antigen panning (SAP). By using SAP, we identified two scFv antibodies, m6 and m9, that were tested with a panel of 33 diverse primary HIV-1 infectious isolates in an assay based on a reporter cell-line expressing high levels of CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4. The IC(50) was less than 50 microg/ml for 21 (m6) and 19 (m9) out of 29 isolates from group M (subtypes A-C, F, G and CRF-01AE) and one isolate from group N; three isolates from group O were not significantly inhibited at 50 microg/ml. The average IC(50) values for the two antibodies were significantly (p<0.001, n=29) lower compared to scFv X5. Their inhibitory activity does not appear to be related to the HIV-1 subtype, coreceptor usage or the disease stage. m9 inhibited infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the primary isolates JRCSF, 89.6 and BR020 with IC(90) of 4, 6 and 25 microg/ml, respectively; for a single-round infection by pseudovirus, the IC(90) for JRSCF, 89.6, YU2 and HXBc2 was 15, 5, 15 and 5 microg/ml, respectively. In these two assays the IC(90) for m9 was, on average, two- to threefold lower than for scFv X5. These results demonstrate that both the potency and the breadth of HIV-1 neutralization of one of the few known potent broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies, scFv X5, could be improved significantly. However, only experiments in animal models and clinical trials in humans will show whether these new scFvs and the approach for their identification have potential in the development of prophylactics and therapeutics for HIV-1 infections.
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PMID:Improved breadth and potency of an HIV-1-neutralizing human single-chain antibody by random mutagenesis and sequential antigen panning. 1465 51

This is a retrospective study of fourteen patients who had proven Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract with no Human Immunodeficiency virus infection. The median age was 60.5 (Range 28 to 81) years. Eight patients were below (Group 1) and six above sixty five years old (Group 2). Areas of gastro-intestinal involvement were: oesophagus (2), stomach (1), colon (10) and multiple sites (1). Seven patients from Group 1 had received immunosuppressive therapy at the time of presentation and one had diabetes mellitus. We found a high prevalence of co-morbidities such as chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus in Group 2. At median follow up of 13.9 months, there was a mortality rate of 50%. Only four patients were treated with ganciclovir. Our study concludes that the gastrointestinal CMV diseases in young patients were associated with immunosuppression whereas the older patients had chronic renal failure or diabetes.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal Cytomegalovirus infection in non-human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. 1475 Mar 72


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