Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aside from human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States today, yet it has long been regarded as a sexually transmitted infection of minor importance. Medical opinion has traditionally held that it plays little role in health complications in women, and it is rarely seen in men. However, evidence has recently accumulated implicating Trichomonas vaginalis as a contributor to a variety of adverse outcomes among both sexes. Among both women and men, the association of T vaginalis with human immunodeficiency acquisition and transmission has been shown in multiple studies. Among women, trichomoniasis may play a role in development of cervical neoplasia, postoperative infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes and as a factor in atypical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Among men, trichomoniasis has emerged as a cause of nongonoccocal urethritis and as contributing to male factor infertility. As evidence continues to accumulate, the time has come to increase diagnostic efforts beyond traditional sexually transmitted disease clinic settings.
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PMID:Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled? 1474 74

Disturbances in the immune system has been described in Turner syndrome, with an association to low levels of IgG and IgM and decreased levels of T- and B-lymphocytes. Also different autoimmune diseases have been connected to Turner syndrome (45, X), thyroiditis being the most common. Besides the typical features of Turner syndrome (short stature, failure to enter puberty spontaneously and infertility due to ovarian insufficiency) ear problems are common (recurrent otitis media and progressive sensorineural hearing disorder). Levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and the four IgG subclasses as well as T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated in 15 girls with Turners syndrome to examine whether an immunodeficiency may be the cause of their high incidence of otitis media. No major immunological deficiency was found that could explain the increased incidence of otitis media in the young Turner girls.
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PMID:Immunological parameters in girls with Turner syndrome. 1556 31

In people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both the CD4 T-cell count and the viral load are used to monitor disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). CD4 counts of <500/mm(3) are associated with opportunistic infections and certain malignancies, so-called 'AIDS-defining' conditions. Highly active antiretroviral therapy, using combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or protease inhibitors, can improve considerably the prognosis of people who are HIV-positive, but such therapy is not yet widely available in many developing countries. People with AIDS are predisposed to urinary tract infection (UTI) by uncommon bacteria and pathogens, e.g. fungi, parasites and viruses, which may affect any urogenital organ; treatment should be culture-specific and long-term, because there is a tendency to recurrence, infection with multiple organisms and resistant isolates. Voiding dysfunction in patients with AIDS is usually a result of neurological complications caused by opportunistic infections, and has a poor prognosis. Of patients with AIDS, 30-50% develop a cancer, especially Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). KS may involve any urogenital organ, but is usually part of systemic disease. Small lesions on the external genitalia can be treated with laser, cryotherapy or surgical excision, larger lesions with radiotherapy, and disseminated or visceral KS with multidrug chemotherapy. NHL may involve the kidneys, testes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, thus obstructing the ureters, which may require ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy. NHL can be treated with radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Urolithiasis in patients with AIDS may be caused by indinavir, a protease inhibitor, but the more common types of stones may also occur. Fluid-electrolyte and acid-base disturbances are common in patients with advanced AIDS, secondary to vomiting, diarrhoea, malnutrition or septicaemia. HIV-associated nephropathy occurs in 10-30% of patients, and often leads to renal failure. Testicular atrophy is common, leading to infertility, erectile dysfunction (ED) and decreased libido. Treatment for ED must include counselling about strategies to reduce the transmission of HIV. The risk of HIV transmission after parenteral exposure to blood from an HIV-positive patient is relatively low (0.2-0.4%); the urologist can reduce the risk of transmission during surgery by adopting certain precautions. After occupational exposure to HIV, chemoprophylaxis with antiretroviral medication can significantly reduce the probability of HIV transmission.
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PMID:The urological management of the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1692 74

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease in industrialised countries, particularly among young people. The consequences of chlamydial infection may involve urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, epididymitis and prostatitis. In addition, chlamydial infection increases the risk of acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and has been associated with cervical cancer. Although screening programmes exist in a number of countries, the continuously increasing prevalence of chlamydial infections demonstrates the necessity for health authorities to establish effective screening policies, and the importance of defining a comprehensive European screening policy is emerging.
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PMID:Chlamydia trachomatis: time for screening? 1610 82

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the United States. Gonorrhea increases the risk for pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nationally, reported gonorrhea incidence rates have been either declining or stable since 1996, although, in 2005, the national rate (115.6 cases per 100,000 population) increased for the first time since 1999. In recent decades, western states have had lower gonorrhea rates than other U.S. regions; however, from 2000 to 2005, rates in the West increased 42%, from 57.2 cases to 81.5 cases per 100,000 population. During that period, rates in the three other U.S. regions decreased (South: -22%, Northeast: -16%, and Midwest: -5%). This report describes the epidemiology of gonorrhea in eight western states that reported large increases in gonorrhea incidence rates from 2000 to 2005. The results indicated that both sexes and all specified age and racial/ethnic groups experienced increases in gonorrhea rates. Causes for these increases remain unclear; however, data suggest they likely resulted from a combination of increases in the number of tests performed, trends in the types of test performed, and actual increases in disease occurrence. CDC is collaborating with state and local health departments to further investigate and respond to these increases. Public health agencies should remain vigilant for early signs of increases in gonorrhea incidence in their areas.
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PMID:Increases in gonorrhea--eight western states, 2000--2005. 1736 91

Study of male genital tract (MGT) pharmacology is relevant to the treatment of prostatitis, prostate cancer, infertility, and seminal human immunodeficiency virus transmission. However, the time course of drug concentrations in the MGT is largely unknown. To determine the feasibility of frequent semen sampling in assessing the pharmacokinetics of the MGT, we administered efavirenz, indinavir, and zidovudine to subjects to achieve steady-state levels and then collected semen samples at sequentially decreasing ejaculation intervals. The volume of seminal plasma decreased from 4.0 (1.2-5.1) ml (median with range) at 48 h after the baseline ejaculation to 0.72 (0.45-1.6) ml 1 h after a previous ejaculation, which was still adequate for drug concentration assessment. The seminal fructose concentration also decreased. However, the concentration of prostate-specific antigen and all three drugs did not decrease, even if the ejaculation intervals decreased to 1 h. Thus, semi-intensive semen sampling can be used to assess MGT pharmacokinetics.
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PMID:Effect of semen sampling frequency on seminal antiretroviral drug concentration. 1791 41

Millions of unnecessary cells are removed from our body everyday by apoptosis to ensure our survivals. Apoptosis is a highly coordinated process. Failure in apoptotic regulation results in disease. A large number of studies have demonstrated that accelerated apoptosis is involved in degenerative diseases, ischemic injuries, immunodeficiency and infertility. These studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis signal transduction to provide therapeutic targets. On the other hand, protein transduction technology has been developed to deliver full-length proteins to various tissues including the brain. So far, many studies have shown that in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins/peptides, including anti-apoptotic proteins, an anti-oxidant enzyme, a neuroprotectant, enzymes involved in purine or tyrosine metabolism, caspase inhibitors, c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors and an NF-kappaB inhibitor, by protein transduction technology mitigates various diseases in animal models.
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PMID:PTD-mediated delivery of anti-cell death proteins/peptides and therapeutic enzymes. 1809 93

In France, a ministerial decree dated 10 May 2001 authorizes the use of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) for people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), either to reduce the risk of transmission between partners or to treat the couple's infertility. The HIV patient must have a CD4 T lymphocyte count>200/mm(3) and a stable viral load (no increase exceeding 0.5 log(10) copies/mm(3)) between 2 samples during the 6 months preceding ART. Co-infections with hepatitis B or C must be assessed by a specialist. When the man is infected, only ART allows conception while simultaneously ensuring safe sexual relations between the couple. ART is performed with prepared spermatozoa, validated negative for HIV RNA. The particular ART method depends on the results of the couple's fertility assessment and the quantity of virus in the seminal fluid. Antiretroviral treatment is not required for ART but may be necessary if the seminal viral load is elevated. When the woman is infected, the couple must be informed about the risks of HIV transmission to the child and of toxicity to mother and fetus from the antiretroviral treatments. These risks must guide optimization of the antiretroviral treatment, which is not routine during ART but is systematic during the last trimester. Management of pregnancy planning should propose artificial insemination and rapid recourse to ART because ovarian function appears to deteriorate quickly in women with HIV. Several thousand couples in Europe have used ART without any cases of contamination reported so far. Approximately half of these couples can hope to have a child, but approximately one third decide against ART after consultation.
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PMID:[Assisted procreation technology and people with HIV]. 1835 8

Assisted reproduction is used to support couples with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in achieving pregnancy without compromising the health of the partner or the offspring. This complex situation requires a joint effort by experts from different medical fields over prolonged periods. In order to fulfil all requirements, a comprehensive multidisciplinary counselling approach was initiated through round-table conventions of experts together with individual couples. The aim of this novel approach was an informed sharing of responsibility in the decision-making process, and also to ensure the adherence of the couples. The experts' and the couples' experience of the multidisciplinary meetings was evaluated using structured questionnaires. A total of 34 couples were referred, 15 with the male partner HIV infected, 15 with the female partner infected, four with both partners infected. Twenty-two couples participated in the multidisciplinary counselling. Three couples withdrew after counselling. Fourteen pregnancies were achieved leading to the birth of eight children. The experts viewed the panel's composition and the decision-making process as valuable, necessary and beneficial to the couples. The responding couples considered the meetings to be clarifying and helpful and they felt respected. It is concluded that the round-table multidisciplinary meeting approach is a feasible option for HIV-affected couples with infertility.
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PMID:Round-table multidisciplinary counselling of couples with HIV prior to assisted reproduction. 1868 89

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an autosomal recessive disease with a clinical history of upper and lowers respiratory infections, rhinosinusitis and bronquitis associated with complete or partial situs inversus. The authors present a 78 -year -old male caucasian patient with rhinosinusitis, lower respiratory tract infection and dyspnea, chronic otitis with hearing deficit and infertility followed in Gastroenterology for dyspepsia and constipation. The radiological studies revealed agenesis of right frontal sinus; bronchial wall thickening; bronchiectasis; cecum and ascending colon located on the left and small bowel occupies right side of abdomen. He had no immunodeficiency, allergies, cystic fibrosis and others. We concluded primary ciliary dyskinesia with heterotaxy. For the rarity of this case we decided to present it.
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PMID:[A rare case of primary ciliary dyskinesia with heterotaxy]. 1914 94


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