Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Around 70% of female infertility in developing countries is caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that can be traced back to husbands or partners. STDs and reproductive tract infections cause 750,000 deaths and 75 million illnesses among women each year worldwide, and these deaths may more than double by the year 2000. Death rates are rising fastest in Africa, followed by Asia and Latin America. About 450,000 cases of potentially fatal reproductive tract cancers are diagnosed annually: an estimated 354,000 occur in Third World women, virtually all of whom die. Worldwide, roughly 250 million new infections of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and the human papillomavirus are sexually transmitted each year. Chlamydia and the human papillomavirus account for 50 million and 30 million new cases per year, respectively. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected 1 million people worldwide between April and December 1991, according to the World Health Organization. A study in the Indian state of Maharashtra revealed that 92% of the 650 rural women examined had an average of 3.6 infections of gynecological type or sexually transmitted type per women. Another study in 2 rural Egyptian villages found that half of 509 nonpregnant women aged 20 to 60 years had infections. Only 2 facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of STDs exist in all of Kenya. In Ibadan, Nigeria, with a population of 2 million, there is only 1 recognized STD clinic. The physical consequences of several STDs have been linked to increased risks of AIDS transmission. Early recognition and treatment of STDs in pregnant women would cut infant mortality. Maternal infections with chlamydia, gonorrhea, or herpes are transferred to infants at birth 25% to 50% of the time. In Africa, infant blindness caused by gonorrhea infection is 50 times more common than in industrial countries. The International Women's Health Coalition's March 1992 meeting of more than 50 Third World scientists, health advocates, and policymakers made suggestions to make universally available simple, inexpensive, rapid diagnostic tests for STDs and to develop vaginal microbicides that protect women against STDs.
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PMID:The other epidemics. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1215 77

At present, about 250 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occur in the world each year. This statistics includes 120 million cases of trichomoniasis, 50 million cases of chlamydia, 30 million cases of genital warts, 25 million gonorrhea cases, 20 million cases of genital herpes, 3.5 million syphilis cases, 2.5 million case of hepatitis B virus, 2 million cases of chancroid, and 1 million infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among the adverse health sequelae the STDs are sterility, infertility, stillbirth, miscarriage, blindness, brain damage, and cancer. The greatest incidence of STDs is in the 20-24-year age group, followed by persons 15-19 years of age. The finding that lesions caused by some STDs can increase the risk of HIV infection by more than 300% has led governments concerned with control of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to take a more aggressive stance toward the prevention and treatment of STDs. There are many obstacles to STD prevention, however, including the development of treatment-resistant strains, inadequate infrastructure for diagnostic testing and penicillin treatment, resistance to changing sexual behavior, increased travel and migration, and the practice of exchanging sex for drugs. Even in some developed countries where the rate of STD infection has finally stabilized, the level remains unacceptably high and STDs cannot be considered as under control. In developing countries, STDs have reached epidemic levels and the number of new infections reported annually shows a pattern of steady increase. The World Health Organization is urging governments to intensify STD prevention activities through funding research, health education, and more accessible clinic services.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections increasing -- 250 million new infections annually. 1231 65

Patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in developing countries are often untreated for long periods of time or receive ineffective treatment, producing complications that can lead to infertility, blindness, and even death. In addition, there is growing research evidence that people with bacterial or viral STDs are more likely to acquire--and perhaps transmit--the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). STD control programs in developing countries must be reorganized to include: 1) good management of patients with STDs and their contacts, 2) case finding for syphilis in the antenatal population, 3) screenings and case findings for gonorrhea in high-risk groups, and 4) systematic prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns. Since diagnosis before treatment is problematic in rural areas, the World Health Organization recommends simple treatment protocols based on the most common STD symptoms--urethral discharge; gynecological complaints such as vaginal discharge, low abdominal pain, or dysuria; genital ulceration; and inguinal bubo, a swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin. Other components of this approach include standardized treatment, contact tracing and treatment, health education targeted at high-risk groups, follow-up and case referral where necessary, and the collection of simple statistics on treatment efficacy and STD epidemiology. The incidence of STDs in developing countries is steadily increasing as a result of urbanization, increased numbers of young people, and delayed age at marriage. However, this situation can be combatted through application of treatment protocols, technological advances, improvements in the health care delivery system, and awareness on the part of policy makers of the seriousness of the STD problem.
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PMID:Management of sexually transmitted diseases. 1234 18

Family planning programs can play an important role in the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), now known to increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by 2-9 times. At present, family planning programs handle STDs in a variety of ways; some refer symptomatic patients to government clinics for diagnosis and treatment, some treat most STDs on site, while others diagnose and treat only certain STDs such as trichomoniasis and candidiasis. Family planning programs in Kenya and The Gambia have integrated STD prevention and referral into community-based outreach programs. Among the rationales for a greater emphasis on STDs are to prevent the infertility that can be a sequela, to take advantage of the family planning visit in cases where women have few other contacts with the health care system, to ensure women fitted with an IUD are not at high risk of an STD, and to earn additional revenue. If family planning programs are expanded in this way, more personnel must be hired to meet increased counseling demands and contact sexual partners. In addition, careful consideration must be given to the fact that the most effective means of female contraception--sterilization, implants, injectables, IUDs, and the pill--provide no protection against STDs, while condoms do not provide adequate protection against pregnancy and lack high acceptability among women.
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PMID:Sexual and reproductive health. What are the possibilities? 1234 64

Some 250 million cases of sexually transmitted disease (STD) occur each year, and in some countries 1 or even 2 women in every 10 are infected with an STD. STDs are likely to reach an advanced stage before women notice them. The consequences of STDs are devastating, according to a report by the Population Information Program of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and they include stillbirths, blinding eye infections in the newborn, chronic female abdominal pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. There are social consequences for women such as divorce, and husbands may abandon infertile wives. Gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause both severe inflammation of the pelvis with acute pain and possible infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease can permanently scar the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy, which can be fatal when the fallopian tube ruptures. Babies born to mothers with gonorrhea and chlamydia are likely to develop eye infections that may make them blind. Chlamydia infection in pregnant women may also cause premature rupture of the membranes, sepsis, and the death of premature neonate. Infection may spread to the lungs of newborns, leading to chlamydial pneumonia. Syphilis can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, or congenital syphilis in the infant. Trichomoniasis and herpes can also be transmitted from mother to fetus. And infection with an STD increases the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that prenatal care should always include checks for STDs. A WHO Technical Working Group on Care of Mother and Baby has stressed the importance of detecting and treating STDs in pregnant women. The working group urged training of health workers to distinguish between STDs and other infections. The group, which met July 5-9, 1993, outlined health center strategies for prevention and treatment.
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PMID:STDs infect 250 million a year. 1234

Dioxins and dioxin-like substances are highly toxic and extremely dangerous chemical compounds. Dioxins are formed during the thermal process associated with the use of chlorine. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin is the most toxic, the most typical and well-studied agent. The most characteristic and constant indicators of intoxication with dioxin-containing substances are altered body weight, chloracne, hepatic damage, thyroid involution, structural changes in the adrenal cortex, spleen, genitals, immunodeficiency. There is evidence for a role of these agents in the development of infertility and neonatal pathology.
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PMID:[Dioxins: facts and conjectures]. 1238 Feb 82

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility, and it can facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Gonorrhea is the second most frequently reported communicable disease in the United States, with 361,705 reported cases in 2001. During the 1980s, gonococcal resistance to penicillin and tetracycline became widespread; as a result, CDC recommended using cephalosporins as first-line treatment for gonorrhea. Since 1993, CDC also has recommended using fluoroquinolones (i.e., ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or levofloxacin) for gonorrhea treatment. Fluoroquinolone therapy is used widely because it is a relatively inexpensive, oral, and single-dose therapy. However, fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) is being identified more frequently. This report summarizes investigations of increases in QRNG in Hawaii and California in 2001 and provides data to support the recommendation that cephalosporins (i.e., ceftriaxone or cefixime) be used instead of fluoroquinolones as first-line treatment for gonorrhea acquired in these two states. The increases in QRNG highlight the importance of monitoring gonococcal resistance throughout the United States to guide local treatment decisions.
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PMID:Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae--Hawaii and California, 2001. 1271 45

This prospective study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the risk factors for HIV infection in women undergoing laparoscopy evaluation for infertility. Of 1906 women evaluated between January 1995 and December 2000, 130 (6.82%) tested positive for HIV infection. Husbands of 58.5% of the HIV positive women also tested positive. Analysis of their sexual behaviour within the duration of the marriage revealed that the HIV positive infertile women had more sexual partners [86.2% (112/130) average of five partners vs. 38% (675/1776) average of two partners; P<0.001] and previous sexually transmitted infections [73.1% (95/130) vs. 56.8% (1009/1776); P<0.001] than the HIV negative infertile women. Previous history of induced abortion and blood transfusion was not significantly different for HIV positive and negative women (42.3% vs. 39.3%) and (1.5% vs. 1.0%), respectively, P>0.20. In conclusion, infertile women are exposed to a higher risk of HIV infection due to their promiscuous sexual behaviour in search of pregnancy.
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PMID:HIV infection and sexual behaviour among infertile women in southeastern Nigeria. 1252 7

To determine the prevalence rates and serovar distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infections in Cuban women, two different groups were selected. Group I consisted of 60 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) seropositive women from different regions of Cuba and group II of 60 randomly selected women HIV seronegative and apparently healthy. C. trachomatis was detected in cervical scrapes by mean of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for major out membrane protein. The overall prevalence rate of C. trachomatis in cervical scrapes determined by nested PCR was 10% in group I and the estimated prevalence was 6.6% for group II; 83.3% of HIV seropositive women with C. trachomatis infection reported history of pelvic inflammatory disease followed by cervicitis (50%). The control group C. trachomatis-infected women referred a history of cervicitis in 75% of cases. Other reports in the latter group included infertility and pelvic inflamatory disease in 50%. The present study is the first report of C. trachomatis prevalence in Cuba. It showed that there was not significantly difference in the prevalence rate of C. trachomatis between both groups.
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PMID:Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Cuba. 1256 68

Outlined is our experience with couples in whom the male was both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and a haemophiliac who underwent assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in order to attain family goals while minimizing the risk of HIV transmission. We report their demographics, attitudes towards assisted reproduction, and ART performance and outcomes. The study included HIV serodiscordant couples (n = 11) who underwent ART at a university-based infertility practice from August 1997 to May 2002. Prior to treatment, couples prospectively completed a survey regarding their demographics and attitudes towards assisted reproduction. All couples underwent ART and pregnancy outcomes were analysed. The majority of the patients were fully employed, college-educated, in good health, married and motivated to have a child while minimizing the risk of HIV transmission. Eleven couples underwent 25 cycles of ART [19 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles; five frozen embryo transfer cycles; and one oocyte donation cycle] resulting in nine successful pregnancies. The ongoing/delivered pregnancy rate per initiated IVF cycle was 42.1% per embryo transfer. Eight of 11 (72.7%) couples achieved a successful pregnancy. More than half (six of 11; 54.5%) the couples conceived during their initial attempt. Four of nine (44.4%) pregnancies were multiple gestations, including three sets of triplets. All female recipients tested seronegative for HIV at 3 and 6 months post-embryo transfer. All delivered babies (n = 8) tested seronegative for HIV at birth and 3 months postpartum. Four pregnancies are currently ongoing. ART should be considered for HIV serodiscordant couples with haemophilia who desire to have children in order to minimize the risk of viral infection.
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PMID:Providing assisted reproductive care to male haemophiliacs infected with human immunodeficiency virus: preliminary experience. 1269 23


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