Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two appetite stimulants, megestrol acetate and cyproheptadine were administered in a randomized trial to 14 patients who had no evidence of opportunistic infection or malabsorption but were wasted (had lost more than 5 kg body weight) as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Energy intakes were calculated from a 7 day weighed dietary record. Mean energy intakes per kilogramme body weight were similar in both treatment groups (greater than 34 kcal/kg) and were higher than that in well British males. Energy intakes increased by just over 500 kcal during both treatments, but fell to pretreatment levels after therapy. Patients in both treatment groups gained a moderate amount of weight. Megestrol acetate was associated with impotence in 4 patients. Insufficient calorie intake alone is not a common cause of wasting associated with HIV and the role of appetite stimulants is likely to be limited.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate vs cyproheptadine in the treatment of weight loss associated with HIV infection. 150 60

We describe a 34-year-old man from southern Florida with a history of intravenous drug use, dually infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II), who developed a myelopathy clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This myelopathy was characterized by spastic lower extremity weakness, distal paresthesias, sensory loss with a discrete thoracic level to pinprick, back pain, impotence, and sphincter disturbances. Nerve conduction studies revealed an associated mixed axonal and demyelinative neuropathy. Despite a lack of response to 10 months of zidovudine therapy, the myeloneuropathy improved dramatically 2 years after its onset in the absence of any therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Tropical spastic paraparesis-like illness occurring in a patient dually infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-II. 198

Cachexia is a common problem in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Megestrol acetate, an agent used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, is associated with appetite stimulation and weight gain. To determine whether this drug might benefit HIV-positive patients, 22 such subjects (14 previously reported) were treated with oral megestrol acetate, beginning at a dose of 80 mg four times daily. All patients had lost at least 10% of their preillness weight prior to treatment; the median loss was 11.4 kg (range, 5.5 to 26.8). Preliminary data from patients observed during therapy from 2 to 72 weeks showed that 21 of the 22 patients gained weight; the average weight gain was 7.3 kg (range, -4.1 to 17.3). Three patients failed to gain weight on 320 mg per day of megestrol acetate; both appetite stimulation and weight gain were achieved with 460 mg per day in one and 640 mg per day in another. One patient continued to lose weight despite 480 mg per day megestrol acetate. The median time to peak weight during megestrol acetate treatment was 14 weeks. Seven patients returned to within 1 kg of their normal body weight. In three of the 22 patients treated, megestrol acetate and zidovudine were started simultaneously. For these three patients, weight gain was potentially due to the recognized weight gain associated with the initiation of zidovudine. For the remaining 18 patients, however, appetite stimulation and weight gain were a result of megestrol acetate. All patients tolerated the drug well. One patient developed a deep vein thrombosis. No patient developed peripheral edema or drug-related impotence. The appetite improvement and weight gain seen in this initial series are encouraging. The true effectiveness of megestrol acetate for HIV-related cachexia and the effects of treatment on quality of life are currently being assessed in a national prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate for treatment of anorexia and cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 225 23

The value of bulbocavernosus reflex latency verses nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of penis and penile brachial index was evaluated in 50 impotent individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) and in 50 aged matched HIV-1 sero-negative impotent men serving as controls. All the subjects were neurologically asymptomatic and non demented. Both HIV-1 infected asymptomatic and symptomatic impotent patients exhibited a significant decrease (P < 0.0005) in the nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of penis as well as penile branchial index from the controls of the same age group. The latency of bulbocavernosus showed no significant difference between the groups and was within the normal limits. A non-significant association in the study parameters between HIV-1 infected asymptomatic and AIDS positive impotent men was also observed. These findings suggest that impotence and altered erectile electrodiagnostic responses are likely to be associated with an increased frequency to neuropathy in these patients irrespective of their disease state.
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PMID:Assessment of a neuropathic factor in HIV-1 associated impotence: penile electrodiagnosis. 899 77

During the last decade there were extensive investigations in clinical and molecular andrology with emphasis on assisted reproduction, micromanipulation techniques of gametes, sperm/egg interaction, male contraception, diabetes mellitus, varicocele, andropause versus menopause, sexual dysfunction, associated hypertension/stress, prostatic carcinoma and molecular parameters of male reproduction. Sperm hyperactivation is a required step in capacitation sequence. Sperm motility is measured by videotape to evaluate the Straight Line Velocity (microm/s) (VSLI). Fertilization/embryonic development results from single sperm transfer (S-MIST) and multiple sperm transfer. Fertilization/embryo development is achieved by injection of immotile sperm into the perivitelline space. To assess sperm viability, a supravital stain suitable for use in combination with immunofluorescent assay, Hoeschst 33258, is used. The dye fluoresces with an intense blue when bound to DNA. To assess sperm plasma membrane integrity, a hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) is performed, using fluoresceinated D-mannose enriched albumin (FITC-DMA). The ability of sperm to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions indicates an intact membrane. A human protein, C-peptide, thought to be a useless byproduct of insulin may protect against devastating heart and nerve damage that diabetes causes. Human diabetics may benefit from the substance. Over 15 million Americans have diabetes, in which blood sugar levels rise out of control. There are two types of diabetics: Type I diabetics produce no insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. Type II diabetics are unable to use their insulin properly. Diabetics are at great risk of heart disease and nerve damage, as arteries throughout the body leak and nerve-cell impulses fail. C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production; it can be produced by the body or synthetically. Production of this protein is not induced by insulin, so diabetics who take insulin do not get C-peptide with it. Varicocele occurs unilaterally on the left side in 78% to 93% of men. Typically the presence of a varicocele is associated with an abnormal semen analysis (sperm density and morphology) and a decreased testicular volume on the affected side. Impaired sperm motility occurs in 89.5% of all varicocele patients. Varicocele ligation improves semen parameters in two thirds of patients. A few studies on andropause included sexual dysfunction, hormonal changes, medical/psychological correlates of impotence, ostenopenia/osteoporosis and bone loss; indices of bone remodeling, testosterone supplementation, androgen, negative feedback and hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis. Prostatic cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for men between the ages of 60 and 80. Early detection involves a simple blood test for prostate specific antigen (PSA). Regular screening and early detection are essential. This is an important test because a high antigen count can be the only symptom. Since no screening is 100% accurate, physicians recommend both a PSA blood test and a physical examination. Although heredity plays a major role in whether a man will develop prostate cancer, men who lead healthy lives can dramatically reduce their chances of cancer: low-fat diet, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and not smoking. Recent advances in molecular andrology include peptide hormone binding proteins; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists/antagonists analog; gonadotropins/their receptors; growth factors/reproduction; peptides as intratesticular regulators; molecular cloning of reproductive proteins/peptides. Gene cloning is applied for characterization/expression of genes coding. The interaction of gp120 with CD4 receptor plays a role in syncytium formation, apoptosis and CD4 cell deletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The recombinant V3 peptide of fragment 307-330 of HIV-1 can induce sperm head agglutination. The generation process of react
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PMID:Recent advances in clinical/molecular andrology. 958 57

In the 18 years since the first cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the epidemic has undergone profound transformations, and so, too, has the sociomedical context within which public health policy is fashioned and implemented. The early years of neglect and panic were also characterized by relative therapeutic impotence and deep uncertainty about the epidemiological course the new threat would take. In the United States and in other economically advanced nations, the threat of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has abated. The incidence of infection has declined, and the prevalence of infection has stabilized and, in some instances, begun to fall. The pattern of HIV spread, where it has continued, has been dramatically circumscribed to marginalized populations. The panic of the mid-1980s has passed, and in many nations, AIDS has lost its salience as a public issue. A sense of therapeutic impotence no longer prevails, and a new mood of triumphalism has taken hold. How have these crucial changes affected AIDS policies in America?
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PMID:Clinical progress and the future of HIV exceptionalism. 1033 80

In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection alteration of various endocrine functions have been described. However, there is limited information available on estrogens and their function in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pituitary and testicular endocrine markers: 14 HIV-positive men were included into the longitudinal study with a follow up to of 18 month period. None of the patients had a history or clinical evidence of endocrine dysfunction. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrone, estradiol, and testosterone were measured in serum by commercially available radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels were not affected in the patients. LH and FSH remained within normal range, but at the end of the study period we observed a significant increase of LH (p < 0.05). In addition, testosterone levels were normal with a slight reduction at the end of the 18-month observation period (p <0.05). Both estrone and estradiol were significantly increased with a further rise at the end of the study (p <0.05). In summary, the elevation of the serum estrone and estradiol in HIV-afflicted patients correlated with the progress of the HIV-disease, being paralleled by a decrease in testosterone. The altered relation of estrogens and testosterone may in a part be responsible for the complaints of decreased libido and increased impotence often observed in HIV-infected men.
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PMID:Longitudinal evaluation of serum estradiol and estrone in male patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 1262 85

Low testosterone levels are common in both men and women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may contribute to loss of lean body mass and AIDS wasting. Causes of low testosterone levels are complex and may include chronic illness, HIV infection and its complications, medications used to treat HIV and opportunistic diseases, and normal aging-related declines. In the majority of studies addressing the use of testosterone treatment in HIV-infected patients, testosterone has been found to help prevent loss of lean body and muscle mass. Whether the combination of exercise and testosterone is more effective in preventing loss of lean body mass than either therapy alone is not yet clear and warrants further study. In addition to its effects on body composition, testosterone treatment results in improved mood and libido in HIV-infected women and increased bone mineral density in HIV-infected men. Testosterone may thus make a valuable contribution to the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. International Journal of Impotence Research (2003) 15, Suppl 4, S21-S25. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901032
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PMID:Role of testosterone in maintaining lean body mass and bone density in HIV-infected patients. 1293 47

Avascular osteonecrosis (AON) has increased in the last few years in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The most commonly affected bone is the femoral head and neck. Frequently these bilateral and clinical findings include moderate to severe pain and functional impotence of the affected joints. The etiology is multifactorial and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors (PI) is probably related to its development. In the evolution, a total hip replacement may be needed. We present an hemophilic patient with AIDS, who developed a bilateral AON of the femoral head and neck during HAART.
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PMID:[Avascular osteonecrosis of femoral head and neck in an AIDS patient]. 1562 4