Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II) is one of four retroviruses (i.e., HTLV-I, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1], and HIV-2) that are known to infect humans. During 1988, investigators from the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory (GML) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) tested serum specimens collected during 1978-1987 throughout Panama to determine the prevalence of HTLV-I infection (1), which is endemic in southern Japan and the Caribbean basin (2). HTLV seropositivity rates were low in all areas of Panama except among the Guaymi Indians in Changuinola (9%),* a city in western Panama (Figure 1). During 1989-1991, additional testing of 36 seropositive specimens from Guaymi Indians detected that the infections were due to HTLV-II (3,4). This report summarizes risk factor data for HTLV-II infection among Guaymi Indians.
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PMID:Human T-lymphotropic virus type II among Guaymi Indians--Panama. 154 85

Patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Baltimore (n = 4880) and New Orleans (n = 1054) were surveyed in 1987 to estimate the prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I/II infection. In Baltimore, 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-1.1) were HTLV-I/II-seropositive and 4.9% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-positive. In New Orleans, 1.8% (CI, 1.2-2.9) of sera were HTLV-I/II-seropositive and 5.1% were HIV-1-seropositive. In both cities, HTLV-I/II prevalence increased significantly with age, and the New Orleans age- and sex-adjusted HTLV-I/II prevalence was significantly higher than that of Baltimore (P less than .001). In Baltimore, almost all HTLV-I/II seropositivity was associated with a history of parenteral drug use or sexual contact with partners who were drug users or male homosexuals. In addition, individuals in both cities who were seropositive for HIV-1 or syphilis were significantly more likely to be HTLV-I/II-seropositive.
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PMID:Infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II in sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore and New Orleans. 156 44

To investigate the prevalence of four blood-borne viruses among a cohort of haemodialysis (HD) patients in Japan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (anti-HIV-1) were studied in the sera from 393 consecutive HD patients and in the sera from 786 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the general population (controls). The prevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HTLV-I was significantly higher in HD patients than in the controls (17.8% vs. 1.1% and 3.8% vs. 0.5%), but the prevalence of HBsAg showed no significant difference. No patients or controls were positive for anti-HIV-1. In HD patients with no history of blood transfusion, anti-HCV was detected in only one (2.1%) of 48 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HCV in these patients and in the controls. In HD patients who had received blood transfusion, anti-HTLV-I was detected in only one (1.0%) of 103 patients undergoing HD treatment for less than 3 years, and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I in these patients and in the controls. These findings suggest that in recent years, the risk of HCV transmission by routes other than blood transfusion in HD patients is low, and that of HTLV-I transmission by transfusion is very low or non-existent.
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PMID:Prevalence of four blood-borne viruses (HBV, HCV, HTLV-I, HIV-1) among haemodialysis patients in Japan. 157 19

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a disease entity first described by Takatsuki et al., is endemic in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean Islands, and in some parts of Africa. ATL patients are classified into four subtypes according to the clinical picture: acute, chronic, smoldering, and lymphoma type. The diagnosis of ATL is made from the characteristic clinical findings, the detection of serum antibodies to HTLV-I, and when necessary, the confirmation of monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in cellular DNA of ATL cells. Recently, diagnostic criteria for clinical subtypes of ATL were proposed by the Lymphoma Study Group in Japan: 1) smoldering type, normal lymphocyte level, no hypercalcemia, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value 1.5 times the upper limit of normal or lower, no lymphadenopathy, no involvement of liver, spleen, central nervous system (CNS), bone or gastrointestinal tract, and no ascites or pleural effusion: 2) chronic type, absolute lymphocytosis with T-lymphocytosis of greater than 3 x 10(9)/1, LDH value twice the upper limit of normal or lower, no hypercalcemia, no involvement of CNS, bone, or gastrointestinal tract, and no ascites or pleural effusion: 3) lymphoma type, no lymphocytosis, 1% or less abnormal lymphocytes, and histologically-proven lymphadenopathy: 4) acute type, remaining ATL patients who are not classified as any of the above types. Infection with HTLV-I is a direct cause of ATL. Furthermore, infection with this virus can indirectly cause many other diseases via the induction of immunodeficiency, such as chronic lung diseases, opportunistic lung infections, cancer of other organs, monoclonal gammopathy, chronic renal failure, strongyloidiasis, non-specific dermatomycosis, non-specific lymph node swelling, HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), and HTLV-I uveitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Natural history of HTLV-I infection]. 163 39

Between 1972 and 1976, 585 persons attending methadone maintenance clinics at East Coast veterans hospitals were enrolled in a survey of hepatitis antibody prevalence. Sera were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) using both HTLV-I and HTLV-II immunoblots. Clinical and death records were also reviewed. None of the sera had HIV antibodies (upper 95% confidence limit, 0.5%); however, 103 (18%) had reactivity to HTLV. The profile of reactivity suggested that these subjects had been exposed to HTLV-II rather than to HTLV-I. Prevalence was as high in the early 1970s as today and correlated with duration of drug use rather than age. Neither cancers, specific neurologic diseases, nor excess deaths from any cause (overall 14%) could be ascribed to seropositivity. Therefore, HTLV (probably HTLV-II) has been a common infection of drug users for many years but adverse outcomes following infection were not demonstrated.
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PMID:Antibody to human retroviruses among drug users in three east coast American cities, 1972-1976. 167 Jun 8

Sera from 634 homosexual men with Western blot-confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were subjected to radioimmunoprecipation assay (RIPA) using an HTLV-I-infected human T-cell line (SLB-I). Sera obtained from Japanese adult T-cell leukemia patients, noninfected healthy individuals served as positive and negative controls. HIV-infected groups were comprised of asymptomatic homosexuals (n = 131), AIDS-related complex (n = 115), Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 300), AIDS-defining opportunistic infections (n = 76), and high-grade lymphomas (n = 12). Only two patients were known to be intravenous drug users. No instances of dual retroviral infection were detected. As a corollary, no cross reactivity between HTLV and HIV gene products was noted by RIPA. We conclude that HTLV infection is uncommon among select groups of HIV seropositive homosexuals who do not engage in intravenous drug abuse. Additional studies examining the seroprevalence and consequence of HTLV infection in broader based populations at risk for retroviral infection are required.
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PMID:Human T-cell leukemia virus infection in non-intravenous drug using HIV seropositive men in Los Angeles. 167 93

Because infecting retroviruses contain protein and glycoprotein antigenic determinants that can be readily distinguished from host cell determinants, the development of immunologic detection systems, immunodetection tests, or immunoassays capable of identifying antigens of some retroviruses (oncoretroviruses) in blood, body fluids, or cells is possible. Conversely, detection of antibodies produced by animals against some infecting retroviruses can also be used to identify current infections of lentiretroviruses and some oncoretroviruses. Studies of various microorganisms by various immunodetection systems indicate that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot (western blot) analysis, followed by sensitive but less specific ELISA and agglutination assays, and finally by even less sensitive but very specific isolation in culture and double immunodiffusion techniques. The first test used routinely for clinical detection of any retrovirus was the immunofluorescent antibody test, introduced in 1972, for detection of FeLV infection in pet cats. Since then, tests for human retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2 and the human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) have been introduced for routine use in human medicine. Recently, retroviral tests for a second feline retrovirus, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) have been introduced in veterinary medicine. General principles of sensitivity, specificity, true-positive and -negative rates, false-positive and -negative rates, and positive and negative predictive values apply to all methods used for detection of retroviral infections.
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PMID:General principles of retrovirus immunodetection tests. 172 72

A series of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutants in vif, vpr, vpu, and nef were constructed from an infectious plasmid (pNL 432) containing the full-length HIV-1 DNA by frameshift mutations. The capacities for replication and cell killing of these mutant viruses were examined in a clonal cell line (M 10) isolated from HTLV-I-transformed MT-4 cells. In all cases, the mutant viruses replicated, expressed HIV-1 antigens, and induced drastic cytopathic effects. However, some M 10 cells survived infection with vif, vpr, and vpu mutant viruses and became persistently HIV-1-infected, whereas no cells survived infection with the nef mutant as well as the wild-type virus. The HIV-1 particles produced from the surviving cells after infection with the vif, vpr, or vpu mutant viruses were fully replicative in M 10 cells without apparent cytopathic effects.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif, vpr, and vpu mutants can produce persistently infected cells. 183 72

In an effort to clarify the effect of human T cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection on virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, a herpes simplex virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell clone was infected with HTLV-I in vitro. The cytotoxic activity of the clone was found to have declined early after HTLV-I infection when the expression of T cell receptor-CD3 complex on the cell surface still showed no difference in comparison with that of uninfected parent cells. After 16 weeks of HTLV-I infection, expression of T cell receptor-CD3 complex on HTLV-I-infected clone cells became decreased. This phenomenon is similar to the effect of HTLV-I infection on CD4+ cytotoxic T cells as we previously reported, and suggests that there are common mechanisms of declined cytotoxic activity mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells following infection with HTLV-I. Such functional alterations of cytotoxic effector cells might be one of the mechanisms underlying immunodeficiency caused by HTLV-I infection.
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PMID:The effect of human T cell leukaemia virus type I infection on a herpes simplex virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell clone. 184 20

The prevalence of human T-cell leukaemia virus-I and -II infection was studied in a cohort of 346 intravenous and nonintravenous drug users in Amsterdam. Three participants (0.86%) had antibodies to HTLV-I by two commercially available HTLV-I enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Infection in these three subjects was confirmed by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. In the immunoblot study, only two of the three subjects were considered positive, since the serum of the third subject had antibodies to p24 only. By means of the polymerase chain reaction two participants (male intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus; HIV) appeared to be infected with HTLV-I and one subject (a male nonintravenous drug user from Surinam) with HTLV-II. It is concluded that HTLV-I and HTLV-II circulate sporadically among drug users in Amsterdam and that risky injecting behaviour, which led to an HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users, has not led so far to an appreciable transmission of the other retroviruses among this group.
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PMID:Low prevalence of human T-cell leukaemia virus-I and -II infection among drug users in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 189 Apr 9


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