Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Esophageal disease is a common complication and cause of morbidity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Opportunistic esophageal diseases may occur in patients with long-standing infection or may be the initial manifestation of HIV disease. Although a variety of both opportunistic and nonopportunistic disorders result in esophageal disease in this population, candidal esophagitis is the most common cause of symptomatic disease. Ulcerative esophagitis resulting from cytomegalovirus and idiopathic esophageal ulceration constitute the next most important etiologies. In contrast to other immunocompromised hosts, herpes simplex virus esophagitis appears to be relatively uncommon. Multiple simultaneously discovered esophageal disorders have been documented in up to 50% of patients. Opportunistic neoplasms are an infrequent cause of symptomatic disease. Candidal esophagitis may present with either dysphagia or odynophagia, and oropharyngeal candidiasis is usually present at the time of diagnosis. In contrast, ulcerative esophagitis is usually first manifested by moderate to severe odynophagia. Barium esophagography and upper endoscopy are the most commonly employed diagnostic modalities for the evaluation of the symptomatic patient. Although barium esophagography may identify specific abnormalities, this procedure appears to be relatively insensitive for the detection of mild candidal disease as well as nondiagnostic for ulcerative lesions when compared with endoscopy. In the HIV-infected patient with new-onset esophageal symptoms, an empiric trial of a systemically acting oral antifungal agent should probably be the initial management strategy. If the patient does not respond to standard therapy within 1 to 2 weeks, an endoscopic evaluation appears to be the most cost-effective diagnostic test given the diversity of potential disorders, the possibility of one or more co-pathogens or diseases, the potential for an immediate diagnosis, and the availability of mucosal biopsy to make a definite diagnosis of ulcerative or mass lesions. Given the presently available therapy for these diverse processes, establishing a definitive diagnosis in the symptomatic patient not responsive to empiric antifungal therapy is warranted.
 ...
PMID:Esophageal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. 838 38

Human monocytes infected in vitro with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) soon after adherence to plastic substrate demonstrated a significantly decreased ability to restimulate autologous immune T-lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to soluble (tetanus toxoid) and particulate [herpes simplex virus (HSV)] antigen. Incubation with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (2-5 microM), prevented inhibition of antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. The inhibitory activity was identified in ultrafiltrates containing the low molecular weight fraction (less than 3000 MW) of supernatants from HIV-infected monocyte cultures. This activity was significantly and markedly reduced in similar ultrafiltrates prepared from indomethacin-treated cultures. Increased concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were detected in ultrafiltrates from HIV-infected monocyte cultures compared with uninfected cultures and cultures preincubated with indomethacin. Ultrafiltrates were inhibitory when added during the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes but not when removed from monocyte cultures prior to the addition of lymphocytes. In addition, ultrafiltrates inhibited antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation to the same extent. These data indicate that cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonic acid, including PGE2, are produced in excess by HIV-infected monocytes and that PGE2 and perhaps other cyclo-oxygenase products are implicated in the inhibition of antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation via a direct effect on T lymphocytes.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection of monocytes inhibits the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to recall antigens, via production of eicosanoids. 157 89

Canker sores and cold sores are common, relatively banal diseases of the oral mucosa and lips, occurring most often in young persons. Some otherwise healthy patients may have a more severe variant, such as major aphthous ulcers, recurring lesions of aphthous stomatitis, or acute herpetic gingivostomatitis. Other patients may present with severe recurrent herpes simplex labialis or chronic oral candidiasis, and in these patients an immunodeficiency state must be considered.
 ...
PMID:Common lesions of the oral mucosa. A guide to diseases of the lips, cheeks, tongue, and gingivae. 157 26

Lesions of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often have mononuclear cell infiltrates so intense that they obscure the nature of the lesion. This response may be especially prominent in stereotactic biopsies of contrast-enhancing areas. Of 10 consecutive PML lesions biopsied stereotactically, three were markedly, two were moderately, and five were mildly inflamed. There were few to no enlarged oligodendrocytic nuclei with inclusions in the markedly and moderately inflamed lesions. We investigated all biopsies with immunoperoxidase, DNA in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and Southern immunoblot methodologies for toxoplasmosis and the following viruses: JC, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses I and II, and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses I, II, and III. We confirmed the presence of JC virus in each lesion; polymerase chain reaction revealed HIV genome only in one. Inflammatory PML lesions in HIV+ patients do not reflect co-infection with toxoplasmosis or viruses commonly seen in these patients. The mononuclear cells are primarily T lymphocytes. Patients with severely inflamed PML lesions, whether HIV+ or not, often show stabilization of symptoms with or without antiviral treatment and have longer lengths of survival than patients with less inflamed lesions.
 ...
PMID:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. 159 89

Resistance to acyclovir in vitro in herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolates has been associated with failure of acyclovir therapy in immunosuppressed patients, and the frequency of reports of clinical resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is increasing. The primary mechanism of clinical resistance is mutation, producing deficiency in the virus-specified thymidine kinase. A number of case reports and patient series have suggested the efficacy of foscarnet in the treatment of acyclovir-resistant HSV infection in HIV-infected patients. In a recent AIDS Clinical Trials Group study comparing the efficacy of vidarabine and foscarnet in this indication, foscarnet therapy was found to be associated with statistically significant reductions in time to complete healing of lesions, cessation of viral shedding, and 50% reduction in pain, and all patients randomized to receive foscarnet had complete re-epithelialization of lesions. The majority of initial recurrences of herpetic lesions in patients in this study were susceptible to acyclovir; however, all patients ultimately experienced a recurrence due to acyclovir-resistant HSV. A trial comparing acyclovir suppression, foscarnet maintenance therapy, and no chronic antiviral therapy after successful initial treatment of acyclovir-resistant HSV infection would be useful in defining the optimal management of recurrent disease.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with AIDS. 160 61

Filters with well-defined holes were used to determine the effective diameters in buffer of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 1, and four bacteriophages (phi X174, T7, PRD1, and phi 6), which may serve as surrogate viruses for testing barrier materials. Bacteriophages phi 6 and PRD1 most closely model human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in filtration size.
 ...
PMID:Filtration sizes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and surrogate viruses used to test barrier materials. 161 Jan 99

A wide range of enveloped viruses, including human herpes simplex virus type 1, human cytomegalovirus, human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Sindbis virus, and Friend erythroleukemia virus, are highly susceptible to merocyanine 540 (MC 540)-sensitized photoinactivation. By contrast, human pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, red cells, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor are much less sensitive. This suggests that MC 540 may be useful for the inactivation of enveloped viruses in blood and blood products. The dye has a low acute systemic toxicity, is rapidly eliminated from the blood stream, and has little or no mutagenic potential. The currently available data support the view that MC 540-sensitized photo-inactivation interferes with early events in the infectious process, notably the ability of the virus to adhere to and penetrate its host cell. The viral envelope is a major target of photodynamic damages which appear to be mediated at least in part by singlet molecular oxygen.
 ...
PMID:Merocyanine-sensitized photoinactivation of enveloped viruses. 161 87

We analysed the correlation between ophthalmic and systemic findings in 125 subjects with AIDS and 50 subjects with AIDS-related complex (ARC). Positive eye findings were defined as the presence of cotton-wool spots (CWS) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. The presence of positive eye findings was significantly more frequent in AIDS than in ARC (P = 0.0001). Both lowest haematocrit and lowest T-helper cell count were significantly lower in AIDS than in ARC, and also lower in subjects with positive eye findings than in those with negative eye findings. No association was found between ocular findings and the following: risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; positive titres for CMV, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and toxoplasmosis; systemic infections; and intake of azidothymidine (AZT). Patients with AIDS and CWS were similar to patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis in viral serology, haematocrit, T-helper count, and survival. Positive eye findings, low haematocrit, and low T-helper count are poor prognostic signs for survival in AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Ocular-systemic interrelationships in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 164 4

The effect of pepsin treatment at pH 4 on the infectivity of several enveloped viruses was assessed under the conditions used during the production of intravenous immunoglobulins. It was shown that the prototypes of four virus families--human immunodeficiency virus (Lentivirinae), herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae), Semliki Forest virus (Togaviridae), and vesicular stomatitis virus (Rhabdoviridae)--were inactivated by this procedure. With vesicular stomatitis virus as a model, the contributions of both low pH and pepsin were demonstrated, and pepsin had a synergistic or additive action.
 ...
PMID:Virus inactivation during production of intravenous immunoglobulin. 164 3

Chemically modified compounds of glycyrrhizin have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Among them, the 11-deoxo compound having a heteroannular diene structure at the C and D rings proved as active against HIV-1 as glycyrrhizin in MT-4 and MOLT-4 cells. It completely inhibited HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity in both cell lines at a concentration of 0.16 mM. The compound was also effective against HSV-1 with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.5 mM [corrected].
 ...
PMID:Antiviral activities of glycyrrhizin and its modified compounds against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. 164 87


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>