Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine if infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics, a case-control study was done on coded sera from 179 HIV-1-infected patients and 367 age-, race-, and gender-matched HIV-1-seronegative patients. Although only 13 (2.3%) of 546 patients had a history of genital herpes treatment, 72% and 56.6%, respectively, had serologic evidence of prior infection with HSV-1 and -2. HSV-1 antibody prevalence was similar among both patient groups; however, HSV-2 antibodies were more common among those infected with HIV-1. Among heterosexual men, 62.7% of those infected with HIV-1 had HSV-2 antibodies compared with 46.7% of those not infected (P less than .01). The HSV-2 seroprevalence among women with or without HIV infection was 78.1% and 57.7%, respectively (P less than .02). A history of intravenous drug use and a reactive serologic test for syphilis were each independently associated with HIV-1 infection in heterosexuals. These data suggest that the two most common causes of genital ulcerative disease in the United States, genital herpes and syphilis, may contribute to increased risk for HIV-1 infection among heterosexuals.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. 844 Sep 48

Although genital herpes is not a reportable disease, research has shown that about one in five women and one in eight men carry the antibody. The chronic ulcerative disease may place affected individuals at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This article directs attention to a study-in-progress of adaptation in young adults with genital herpes. The use of qualitative and quantitative approaches in the study of adaptation will increase knowledge of adaptation regarding both process and outcome.
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PMID:Genital herpes and prevention of HIV infection: the report of a study in progress. 145 82

Chancroid is a mucocutaneous infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that produces ulcerative lesions and enhances the efficiency of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Confirmation of infection by culture of H. ducreyi is essential in therapeutic trials. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for the isolate should be determined by agar dilution. Patients should be evaluated by appropriate laboratory tests for syphilis, infection with herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, and (in North America) infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The clinical history of the disease should be recorded and ulcers, buboes, and lymphadenitis mass described. Whenever possible, study participants also should be tested for HIV infection. Randomized, prospective, double-blind, active-control comparative clinical trials are preferred for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new anti-infective drugs. Otherwise-healthy men and women should be enrolled in these studies. Patients with active syphilis or genital herpes should be excluded. Microbiological and clinical outcomes are paramount.
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PMID:Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chancroid. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. 147 17

This guideline addresses clinical trials of new therapies for genital infections due to herpes simplex virus (HSV). Of the two types of virus, HSV-2 is the more common pathogen. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 become latent in sacral nerve root ganglia and intermittently reactivate. Patients who have frequent recurrences (more than four per year) may be candidates for long-term suppressive therapy. In both first-episode and recurrent genital HSV infections, lesions should be cultured for HSV. Testing for human immunodeficiency virus is encouraged but not required. Serum antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 should be quantitated at enrollment and 3-5 weeks thereafter. Randomized, double-blind, active-control comparative studies are generally recommended. Placebo-controlled trials may be appropriate for recurrent genital herpes or for suppression of recurrences. Final evaluation should generally take place 10-15 days after the completion of therapy.
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PMID:Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of genital infections due to herpes simplex virus. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. 147 56

A reply is offered to an article likening the use of condoms to Russian roulette in its vaunted protection against AIDS. The Food and Drug Administration endorsed the use of nonoxynol-9 in condoms against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and genital herpes. 1985 research indicated that nonoxynol-9 inactivated HIV in vitro in concentrations below 0.05%. At a 1987 congress on AIDS a study was presented involving the testing of 30 condoms. 20 contained 0.9 ml of 6.6% nonoxynol-9 and 10 contained none of the substance. Each condom was placed on an empty sterilized contraception in a glass cylinder containing a 10 ml substrate of flowing synthetic tissue culture (RPMJ 1640), and 4 ml of HIV inoculum was put on top of the condoms. Anal or vaginal intercourse was simulated for 5 minutes. After each simulation 1 ml of the test material of the test material was taken out of the cylinder and from the top of the condom for HIV testing. 10 condoms without nonoxynol-9 were all HIV negative, where the test sample was taken from the outside and inside of condoms after the first simulated intercourse but before a hole was pierced into the condoms. None of the test samples taken from the inside of the condoms were HIV positive among 10 other condoms containing nonoxynol-9 with HIV inoculum. 2 of these 10 sample test taken from the outside before a hole was pierced proved to be positive among 10 condoms containing nonoxynol-9 with HIV inoculum on the outside. HIV could not be detected on the outside of any of the 20 condoms containing nonoxynol-9, even after rupture. Intact latex condoms are impervious to HIV, and those with nonoxynol-9 inactivate it in concentrations above 0.25%, even if the condom breaks.
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PMID:[Nonoxynol-9 in a perforated condom protects against HIV infection]. 184 23

The link between genital ulcers and transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus highlights the need of prevention and treatment of genital herpes. Although a diversity of specific and unspecific drugs have been tested on effects toward herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, only one antiviral drug, acyclovir, have proven safe and efficacious on some aspects of the disease. The drug has a marked effect on first episodes of herpes genitalis, but the effect on recurrences are less pronounced because viral replication is of shorter duration. Selection of patients for antiviral treatment involves considerations of immune status, the risk of neonatal transmission for pregnant women, and the severity of local and systemic symptoms, incidence of prodromal symptoms, and most importantly, recurrence rates, because this signals the psychological impact of the disease. The main goals of any herpes treatment--to eradicate latent infection in primary as well as recurrent disease--are not achieved by any known antiviral or immunomodulatory drug.
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PMID:Genital herpes--when and how to treat. 220 9

The three major diseases characterized by genital ulcers--genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid--are common, with genital herpes being most common in industrialized countries and chancroid being most common in developing countries. One fourth to one half of patients with genital ulcers have no diagnosed cause for their illness despite diagnostic efforts. The bulk of these cases is probably constituted by one of the three diseases for which diagnostic tests are falsely negative. There is accumulating evidence that genital ulcers facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and they may also be markers of high-risk behavior for acquisition of HIV. Appropriate therapy of patients with genital ulcers (as well as their sexual partners) depends on accurate diagnosis. Patients with genital ulcers, particularly those with syphilis or chancroid, should be encouraged to undergo testing for HIV infection.
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PMID:Approach to the patient with genital ulcer disease. 224 53

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are now the most common group of identifiable infectious diseases in many countries, especially among those ages 15-50 and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). THe worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STDs is estimated to be over 125 million cases yearly. STDs are hyperendemic in many developing countries. However, in industrialized countries, the bacterial STDs such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid declined from their peak during WW II until the late 1950s, increased during the 1960s and early 1970s, and have again decreased since that time. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses, and HIV are now more significant than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both men and women, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancy are often a result of pelvic inflammatory disease and are preventable. STDs in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. In many areas, 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a disease that blinds and congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral STDs (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men. (author's modified)
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PMID:Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture. 228

The etiology of genital ulcer disease was determined in 210 consecutive patients (110 men and 100 women) who presented at a clinic in Kigali, Rwanda, because of genital ulcers. When mixed infections are included, syphilis (21%), chancroid (24%), and genital herpes (17%) were about equally frequent in men. Lymphogranuloma venereum with ulceration was found in 11% of patients. Syphilis (40%) was the most common diagnosis in women; genital herpes (20%), lymphogranuloma venereum with ulceration (19%) and chancroid (12%) also were frequent diagnoses. Microscopic examination for treponemes after silver-impregnation staining had a poor sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of primary syphilis. Overall, 59% of the patients (43% of the men and 77% of the women) had IgG antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:The etiology of genital ulceration in Rwanda. 251 Mar 25

Twenty-seven men with laboratory-confirmed lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) were identified among 211 patients tested for LGV or chancroid during a 6-y period. The patients with LGV ranged in age from 17 to 73 y; most were from countries other than France. Twenty-five sought care because of inguinal adenopathy (with spontaneous draining fistulae in two patients) and two because of proctitis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from nine patients; all isolates were the LGV biovar as demonstrated by biologic characterization and monoclonal antibody reactivity. In patients without isolation of C. trachomatis, the diagnosis was based on chlamydial complement fixation antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:32 (mean titer, 1:128). Genital herpes was an associated diagnosis in one patient and syphilis in two patients. Serologic evidence of exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 was present in five patients and to HIV-2 in one patient.
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PMID:Lymphogranuloma venereum: 27 cases in Paris. 267 62


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