Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health threat in the United States and worldwide. By sharing some routes of transmission, persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for coinfection with HCV As a result, hepatic cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic infection with HCV are important causes of both morbidity and mortality in coinfected patients. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy improved the management of patients with HIV, leading to decreased morbidity and better survival. As patients infected with HIV live longer, their risk of long-term sequelae from chronic HCV increases. Coinfection with HIV may be associated with rapid progression of chronic HCV. In contrast, the effect of HCV on the natural history of HIV is less clear. Data regarding treatment of HCV in HIV-coinfected patients are limited.
 ...
PMID:Coinfection with HIV and HCV: more questions than answers? 1113 Feb 22

Several studies have suggested that the progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more severe in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two national retrospective multicenter cohort surveys were performed in France that included 17,487 HIV-infected patients during 1995 and 26,497 during 1997. The following data was evaluated: total number of deaths; number of deaths linked to AIDS, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); and number of deaths related to other (non-HCV--linked) causes. In 1995, the causes of death were as follows: AIDS, 1307 (7.47%); cirrhosis or HCC, 21 (0.12%); and other (non-HCV--linked) causes, 99 (0.56%). In 1997, the causes of deaths were as follows: AIDS, 459 (1.73%); cirrhosis or HCC 36 (0.13%); and other (non-HCV--linked) causes, 48 (0.18%). Comparative results between the 1995 and 1997 surveys showed a dramatic decrease in AIDS-related mortality rates (7.47% vs. 1.73%; P<.001) but not in HCV-related mortality rates (0.06% vs. 0.07%; P=.79). In France, despite the high prevalence of HCV infection in HIV-positive patients, the mortality rate in 1995 and 1997 caused by HCV-related cirrhosis or HCC was low.
 ...
PMID:Mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C virus in French Departments of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, in 1995 and 1997. 1164 33

Chimpanzees have been shown to be exquisitely susceptible to human hepatitis viruses, without themselves developing clinical illness, thus providing an important model for studies on these agents. Chimpanzees have contributed substantially to human welfare by making possible the development of hepatitis B vaccines, which now prevent development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in millions of people. They have provided a means to evaluate the efficacy of virus inactivation strategies, which have made blood derivatives formerly contaminated with blood-borne viruses (hepatitis B, C, and human immunodeficiency viruses) safe with respect to their transmission. In exchange for these contributions, humans owe chimpanzees lifelong retirement in sanctuaries that offer socialization and environmental enrichment.
 ...
PMID:Perspectives on hepatitis B studies with chimpanzees. 1140 10

Liver necropsy from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus was analyzed in 117 cases. Wide ranges of opportunistic infections were recorded in 47%. Cryptococcosis (21.4%) was the most outstanding infection, followed by tuberculosis (16.2%), cytomegalovirus (5.1%) and penicillosis (3.4%). Non-specific alterations of the liver tissues included fatty steatosis (49.6%), fibrosis (55.6%), portal inflammation and reactive hepatitis. Cases of chronic active and chronic passive hepatitis and one case of hepatocellular carcinoma were reported. In the infected liver, predominant pathological changes included granuloma and spotty necrosis, which were attributed to tuberculous hepatitis. Infection with Cryptococcus usually showed no associated pathological change. The sensitivity for the clinical diagnosis of Cryptococcus was 88.8% and specificity was 91.7%. For tuberculosis, sensitivity was 20% and specificity was 67.9%.
 ...
PMID:Opportunistic infections in the liver of HIV-infected patients in Thailand: a necropsy study. 1141 8

The emerging presence of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection in the United States has been the focus of much attention among health care providers and the general population. Among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there has been a dramatic increase in hepatitis C disease. During the 1980s and early 1990s, hepatitis C was viewed as a disease for which little could be done, both because of ineffective treatment and the severity and lack of adequate treatments for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) itself. Treatment with interferon had poor effect on hepatitis C in the co-infected population, especially for those with advanced immunosuppression. The regimen was difficult to tolerate even with dose reductions. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and effective treatment and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, a substantial portion of HIV-infected patients are living long enough to have their health compromised by hepatic failure or hepatocellular carcinoma owing to hepatitis C, rather than by AIDS-related illness. New treatments are available for hepatitis C, with preliminary research yielding promising results. The role of these medications in managing HIV/HCV co-infection is currently under study, with implications for many. Health care providers are increasingly faced with the challenges of caring for people infected with the hepatitis C virus, and the growing number of individuals co-infected with hepatitis C and HIV. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of hepatitis C, especially in the presence of HIV infection, and to detail the recognition and management of the care of this emerging population.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation and management of the patient co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C. 1145 15

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common chronic bloodborne virus infection that affects an estimated 2.7 million persons in the United States. HCV infection causes an estimated 8,000-10,000 deaths each year from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is the leading reason for liver transplantation. Because injection drug use is a major risk factor for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV transmission, publicly funded HIV counseling and testing sites (HIV CTS) may have a role in HCV prevention. To evaluate the need for HCV services at these sites, the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH) conducted an anonymous HCV seroprevalence study among clients of HIV CTS. This report summarizes the results of this analysis, which indicate that, among clients of these HIV CTS, the prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) was 9.8%, compared with 1.3% for HIV, with significantly higher prevalence among clients of substance abuse treatment sites (40.2%), compared with other sites (6.9%). HCV counseling and testing should be integrated into all HIV CTS, especially those associated with substance abuse treatment.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among clients of HIV counseling and testing sites--Connecticut, 1999. 1147 65

Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis, we, and others, have shown that there is a high and consistent incidence of chromosome 1q copy gain in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chromosome 1 rearrangements, that involved peri-centromeric breakpoints, have also been frequently reported in karyotypic studies of HCC. Satellite DNA hypomethylation has been postulated as the mechanism underlying the induction of chromosome 1 peri-centromeric instability in many human cancers and in individuals with the rare recessive disorder ICF (immunodeficiency, centromeric heterochromatin instability, facial anomalies). In this study, we have investigated the role of DNA hypomethylation in 1q copy gain in HCC by examining the methylation status of chromosome 1 heterochromatin DNA (band 1q12). Thirty-six histologically confirmed samples of HCC were studied (24 paired tumor and adjacent nontumorous liver tissues, and 12 tumor only). Hypomethylation of satellite 2 (Sat2) DNA in 1q12 was analyzed by Southern blotting using methyl-sensitive enzyme digestion. In parallel, all cases were analyzed by CGH. A strong correlation between hypomethylated Sat2 sequences and 1q copy gain with a 1q12 breakpoint was found (P < 0.001). We postulate that such hypomethylation alters the interaction between the CpG-rich satellite DNA and chromatin proteins, resulting in heterochromatin decondensation, breakage and aberrant 1q formation. Spectral karyotyping further supported the presence of fragile 1q12 in HCC. Of particular interest was the finding of Sat2 DNA hypomethylation in 5 of 24 adjacent nontumorous liver tissues examined. These tissues showed no evidence of malignancy on histological examination nor did they display any CGH abnormalities. Our findings suggest a role for Sat2 demethylation in the early stages of the stepwise progression of liver carcinogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Hypomethylation of chromosome 1 heterochromatin DNA correlates with q-arm copy gain in human hepatocellular carcinoma. 1148 5

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. It was first identified in 1989, as being distinct from hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The HCV does not attack the immune system, but rather causes an inflammatory reaction that is localized within the liver, involving the entire organ. About 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C will develop chronic HCV, of which about 20-30% will progress to cirrhosis and its consequences, over 10-20 years. After 20-40 years, a smaller proportion of patients with chronic disease will develop hepatocellular carcinoma. The course and outcome of the disease vary considerably. In some individuals, spontaneous remission occurs over a few years; in others, the disease is more severe, progressing to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Despite biochemical and pathological confirmation of the diagnosis, patients are often asymptomatic for many years. Hepatic failure occurs late in the disease. Factors suggesting a poor prognosis include high serum transaminase levels, active cirrhosis on liver biopsy, and an increased viral load (HCV RNA), as well as associated medical conditions such as alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nutrition has been recognized as a prognostic indicator in patients with chronic liver failure. However, standardized approaches for the diagnosis and classification of malnutrition in this population have not been consistently applied before implementing nutrition intervention. Common criteria for the assessment of malnutrition, weight and body mass index (BMI) for example, do not give accurate data in patients with chronic liver disease, complicated by ascites and edema. In addition, the chronic inflammatory reaction of liver failure progresses slowly, so that subtle nutritional deficits are not obvious at early stages of the disease. A review of the literature has been undertaken to identify current nutritional guidelines for patients with hepatitis C as well as chronic hepatitis.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional guidelines for persons infected with the hepatitis C virus: a review of the literature. 1151 51

Glycoprotein 90K/MAC-2BP is a member of the scavenger receptor cystein-rich protein superfamily, which is thought to be involved in immune surveillance, defending the body against pathogens and cancer. 90K serum levels are elevated in patients with cancer of various origins and in viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is high, in the present paper we examined, by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the 90K serum levels in 103 patients with liver cirrhosis, and in 69 with HCC, and compared them to alpha-fetoprotein, the reference tumor marker for this neoplasm. Serum levels of 90K (cut-off 14 microg/ml) were elevated both in cirrhosis (39%) and HCC (46%) compared to controls (14.1 microg/ml vs. 10.6 microg/ml in cirrhosis, and 14.8 microg/ml vs. 9.1 microg/ml in HCC, p < or = 0.001). There was a significant association with the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. 90K was found to be a non-specific tumor marker which is complementary to alpha-fetoprotein on the basis of its probable different biological significance. In fact, 74% of HCC patients had at least one positive marker. Combined use of 90K and alpha-fetoprotein could improve the sensitivity of a single test in the diagnosis of HCC.
 ...
PMID:Serum 90K/MAC-2BP glycoprotein in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with alpha-fetoprotein. 1175 11

The triad of small body size, immunodeficiency, and sun-sensitive facial erythema characterizes the phenotype Bloom syndrome (BS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a striking predisposition to multiple types of cancers that arise earlier than expected in the general population. Here we report two sibs with BS. The older, a 15-year-old-girl, developed a hepatocellular carcinoma, a neoplasm not yet reported in association with BS. Her younger brother developed an anaplastic Wilms tumor (WT) associated with nephrogenic rests at the age of 31/2 years, and this was followed by a myelodysplastic syndrome. Complex cytogenetic abnormalities were identified in all three neoplasms. These examples expand the spectrum of malignancies occurring in BS to include liver cell neoplasms, and confirm the association of nephrogenic rests with WT, even in the setting of BS.
 ...
PMID:Bloom syndrome in sibs: first reports of hepatocellular carcinoma and Wilms tumor with documented anaplasia and nephrogenic rests. 1182 67


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>