Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) markers among Bahraini children with hereditary haemolytic anaemias, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the paediatric outpatient clinic of Sulimaniya Medical Center in the State of Bahrain. A total of 242 patients with hereditary haemolytic anaemias were enrolled in the study: 171 (71%) with sickle cell syndromes, 59 (24%) with beta thalassaemia major and 12 (5%) with alpha thalassaemia. Among the 191 multi-transfused patients, 39 (20.5%) had one or more markers for HBV, 78 (40%) were seropositive for HCV antibody, and three (1.6%) were seropositive for HIV antibody. In contrast, none of the 51 non-transfusion group was seropositive for HBV and HIV antibodies but one patient was seropositive for HCV antibody. HBV, HCV and HIV infections therefore remain a major hazard for children with hereditary haemolytic anaemias, despite blood donor screening. More refined and sensitive tests which would detect infection in all stages of the disease are required. Hepatitis B vaccine should be given to all children with hereditary haemolytic anaemias.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immune deficiency virus markers among patients with hereditary haemolytic anaemias. 767 12

Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.
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PMID:A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population. 767 17

The published risk of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus varies according to the population studied and the tests used. In a prospective study we used the polymerase chain reaction to assess the risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in an unselected population of women uninfected by human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatitis C virus antibodies were sought with a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 2,367 consecutive pregnant women. Forty-one were positive, and 17 consented to serological follow-up of their offspring (n = 18). A second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay, ALT determination and hepatitis C virus RNA testing were performed on maternal sera obtained during pregnancy and sera from the offspring at birth and thereafter. Five older brothers or sisters were also tested. Hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in serum were amplified with a modified nested polymerase chain reaction procedure with primers from the highly conserved 5' noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus genome. All the neonates were positive for hepatitis C virus antibodies, with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and recombinant immunoblot assay patterns similar to those of their mothers. After birth hepatitis C virus antibodies gradually disappeared within 6 mo. Hepatitis C virus RNA was consistently negative in the 18 children from birth to 24 mo (range = 3 to 24 mo) and in the 5 older children, regardless of the hepatitis C virus polymerase chain reaction status of the mothers (8 of whom were positive).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. 768 17

The impact of heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the United States blood supply was assessed, and deferral criteria that may exclude potential donors who are at high risk for heterosexually acquired HIV infection were evaluated. Interviews were conducted with 508 HIV-seropositive blood donors from May 1, 1988, to August 31, 1989 (Phase 1), and with 472 donors from January 1, 1990, to May 31, 1991 (Phase 2), at 20 blood centers. From Phase 1 to Phase 2, the overall HIV prevalence decreased from 0.021 to 0.018 percent (p < 0.001). HIV risk factors among HIV-1-seropositive donors were similar during both study phases. Eleven percent of the men and 56 percent of the women reported as their only risk that they had a heterosexual partner who was at increased risk for HIV or was known to have HIV. These percentages were similar during both study periods. During Phase 2, 13 percent of the men and 17 percent of the women with heterosexual transmission risk had a positive serologic test for syphilis, hepatitis B core antibody, or hepatitis C antibody. Among HIV-1-seropositive donors reporting heterosexual risk, the median numbers of previous-year and lifetime sex partners for men were 2 and 30, respectively; for women, those numbers were 1 and 7, respectively. Thirty-one percent of the men and 6 percent of the women reporting heterosexual transmission risk also reported having had syphilis or gonorrhea within 3 years of donation. It is concluded that the impact of heterosexual transmission of HIV infection on transfusion safety is not worsening at this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection and the United States blood supply: considerations for screening of potential blood donors. HIV Blood Donor Study Group. 768 91

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of transfusion-induced chronic liver disease in hemophiliacs, with 70% to 90% being anti-HCV positive. Seroreversion or loss of antibody response to HCV has been observed in a small proportion of human immunodeficiency virus-positive [HIV(+)] anti-HCV(+) hemophilic men. Despite the seroreversion to an anti-HCV-negative state, such patients continue to show serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations and biopsy evidence of cirrhosis and/or chronic active hepatitis. To determine the cause for the loss of anti-HCV antibody, we compared first- and second-generation anti-HCV enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA 1.0 and 2.0), second-generation recombinant immunoblot (RIBA 2.0), and HCV-RNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 19 "seroreverters" before and after seroreversion. There was no difference between 19 seroreverters and 59 persistently anti-HCV-positive hemophiliacs in mean ALT (1.1 +/- 0.1 XUL v 2.0 +/- 0.2 XUL; chi 2 = 1.80, P > .05), in mean CD4 (188 +/- 36/microL v 232 +/- 28/microL; t = 0.965, P > .05), or in the rate of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (13 of 19 [68.4%] v 30 of 59 [50.9%]; chi 2 = .987, P > .05, respectively). Before seroreversion, all 19 seroreverters (100%) were positive for EIA 1.0 and 2.0 and PCR, and all but 2 of 19 (89.5%) were RIBA 2.0 positive, whereas, after seroreversion, none were positive for EIA 1.0, 15 of 19 (78.9%) were positive for EIA 2.0, 8 of 18 (44.4%) were positive for RIBA 2.0, and 18 of 19 (94.7%) were positive for PCR. There was a lower CD4 lymphocyte number after seroreversion in those who were RIBA 2.0 negative as compared with those who were RIBA 2.0 positive (32 +/- 10/microL v 171 +/- 52/microL; t = 2.638, P > .05). These results indicate that HIV(+) anti-HCV(+) hemophilic men who undergo "HCV seroreversion" are truly infectious and anti-HCV positive by second-generation tests. Anti-HCV detection in immunosuppressed hosts is significantly improved by second-generation EIA and RIBA assays.
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PMID:The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody in human immunodeficiency virus-positive hemophilic men undergoing HCV "seroreversion". 768 87

The prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 226 patients who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were determined. Antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) was detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and positive results were confirmed by a neutralization EIA or recombinant immunoblot assay. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 8%. Intravenous drug use was the most common risk factor for HCV infection (61.1% of patients), and 52.4% of intravenous drug users were seropositive for anti-HCV (HCV+). Only 16.7% of HCV+ patients had AIDS, as compared with 37.4% of anti-HCV-seronegative (HCV-) patients (P = .04). The prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in patients with and without anti-HCV was similar. The CD4+ lymphocyte counts were higher for HCV+ patients than for HCV- patients (P = .001), and the prevalence of anti-HCV decreased in parallel with CD4+ counts. Elevated liver function test values were more common for HCV+ patients than for HCV- patients (61.1% vs. 26.0%; P < .01), but abnormalities were usually slight (< 2-fold elevation in values). HCV viremia was detected by the polymerase chain reaction in 88.2% of HCV+ patients. Despite the coexistence of HIV and HCV infection, liver disease appeared to be mild, and HCV infection did not appear to increase the severity of HIV infection. Serological tests for HCV appear to underestimate the prevalence of HCV infection in patients with advanced HIV infection or AIDS.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 768 86

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied between 104 anti-HCV positive index cases (99 haemophilic men, five women) who have attended the Oxford Haemophilia Centre and 104 (98 female, 6 male) longstanding sexual partners. Ninety-one percent of the index cases were HCV RNA positive by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 56% were anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Three (2.9%) sexual partners (each a female partner of a different HCV RNA positive haemophilic man) were anti-HCV, and HCV RNA, positive. All had other risk factors for HCV infection. Of 59 partners who were tested for anti-HIV four (7%) were positive and only one of these was also anti-HCV positive. There was no association between HIV positivity in the index cases and HCV positivity in their partners. Our results confirm a low risk of sexual transmission of HCV.
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PMID:Low risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. 768 92

Seven hundred and twenty-three serum samples from individuals in 13 Gidra-speaking villages in Western Province, Papua New Guinea were tested for evidence of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). No samples were positive for antibodies to HIV-I. Antibodies to HTLV-I were found in 13 samples (1.8%), HBV surface antigens (HBsAg) were found in 86 samples (11.9%), and antibodies to HCV were found in 30 samples (4.1%). Six (46.2%) of 13 HTLV-I positive samples were positive for HCV or HBsAg. The seropositive rate varied in different villages and the incidence of HTLV-I and HCV was higher in coastal and riverine areas than inland.
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PMID:HTLV-I, HIV-I, and hepatitis B and C viruses in Western Province, Papua New Guinea: a serological survey. 769 Mar 54

We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibodies and markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients of three haemodialysis centres before initiating anti-HBV vaccinations. Of the 94 patients, 39 (41.5%) were anti-HCV positive (+) and 81 (86.2%) were anti-hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) positive. There was a high rate of anti-HBc positivity among anti-HCV (+) patients (92.3%), although the presence of anti-HCV and anti-HBc antibodies were not significantly related to each other. Multiple blood transfusions (> 5 units) was a risk factor for development of HCV infection (P < 0.02), while none of our patients admitted intravenous drug abuse. Although 53.8% of anti-HCV (+) patients have had moderate serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations during the study period, none has had considerable liver disease, nor did the increased ALT correlate with the presence of anti-HCV. Only two of 17 staff members participating in the survey were anti-HCV (+), though almost every one gave a history of accidental needlestick exposure. All the study subjects were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative. Our results, obtained with the second-generation, highly specific enzyme immunoassay and verified by the immunoblot assay for anti-HCV antibodies, support a recent suggestion that earlier reports might have underestimated the true prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in haemodialysis patients.
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PMID:High prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in three haemodialysis centres in south-western Poland. 769 55

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in 2,557 asymptomatic volunteer Brazilian blood donors is reported. Using the line immunoassay (Inno-LIA) as a confirmatory test on ELISA anti-HCV-positive reacting sera, a prevalence rate of 2.7% for anti-HCV positivity was found. By comparison, prevalences of 1.6% for hepatitis B surface antigen, 0.9% for Treponema pallidum, 0.4% for human immunodeficiency virus and 0.04% for Trypanosoma cruzi were observed. Only 57% of the HCV-positive donors had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Using previous criteria, based on surrogate markers (ALT > or = 50 IU/l and for anti-hepatitis B core antibody), for HCV infection at that time, only 25% of the HCV-positive donations would have been eliminated. In view of the high prevalence of anti-HCV reactivity among the Brazilian blood donor population and the poor reliability of surrogate markers, it is recommended that routine screening for anti-HCV in Brazilian blood donors is introduced.
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PMID:Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus in the blood donor population of Rio de Janeiro. 769 72


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