Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a group of 37 haemophilics, 9 (24.3%) were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), while 9 (24.3%) and 10 (27%) were positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) respectively. Haemophilics who were HIV seropositive had higher prevalence of HBV and HCV. Seropositivity for HIV was more in patients with severe haemophilia A who required frequent factor VIII replacement. The need for long term surveillance of voluntary blood donors for transfusion associated viruses like HIV, HBV and HCV, is emphasized.
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PMID:Sero-surveillance of transmissible hepatitis B & C viruses in asymptomatic HIV infection in haemophilics. 128 80

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is prepared in blood banks world-wide as a by-product of red blood cell concentrate preparation. Appropriate clinical use is for coagulation factor disorders where appropriate concentrates are unavailable and when multiple coagulation factor deficits occur such as in surgery. Viral safety depends on donor selection and screening; thus, there continues to be a small but defined risk of viral transmission comparable with that exhibited by whole blood. We have prepared a virus sterilized FFP (S/D-FFP) by treatment of FFP with 1% tri(n-butyl)phosphate (TNBP) and 1% Triton X-100 at 30 degrees C for 4 hours. Added reagents are removed by extraction with soybean oil and chromatography on insolubilized C18 resin. Treatment results in the rapid and complete inactivation of greater than or equal to 10(7.5) infectious doses (ID50) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and greater than or equal to 10(6.9) ID50 of sindbis virus (used as marker viruses), greater than or equal to 10(6.2) ID50 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), greater than or equal to 10(6) chimp infectious doses (CID50) of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and greater than or equal to 10(5) CID50 of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Immunization of rabbits with S/D-FFP and subsequent adsorption of elicited antibodies with untreated FFP confirmed the absence of neoimmungen formation. Coagulation factor content was comparable with that found in FFP. Based on these laboratory and animal studies, together with the extensive history of the successful use of S/D-treated coagulation factor concentrates, we conclude that replacement of FFP with S/D-FFP, prepared in a manufacturing facility, will result in improved virus safety and product uniformity with no loss of efficacy.
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PMID:Solvent/detergent-treated plasma: a virus-inactivated substitute for fresh frozen plasma. 131 64

Intravenous drug users are frequently exposed to parenterally transmitted viral infections, and these infections can spread to the general population through sexual activity. We investigated the prevalence of serologic markers for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in intravenous drug users and their sexual contacts. Of 585 drug users from northern California tested for these serologic markers, 72% were reactive for the antibody to HCV, 71% for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 12% for HTLV-I/II antibodies, and 1% for the HIV-1 antibody. The prevalence of serologic markers for these four viruses correlated with the duration of intravenous drug use, the ethnic group, and the drug of choice. More than 85% of subjects infected with either HCV or HBV were coinfected with the other virus. All persons reactive to HTLV-I/II antibodies had antibodies for either HBV or HCV. Of 81 sexual contacts tested, 17% had evidence of HBV infection while only 6% were reactive for HTLV-I/II antibodies and 4% for the antibody to HCV. None of this group was infected with HIV-1. We conclude that HTLV-I/II and HCV are inefficiently transmitted to sexual contacts while HBV is spread more readily. Programs designed to discourage the sharing of drug paraphernalia, such as needle and syringe exchanges, should decrease the risk of parenterally spread viral infections in intravenous drug users and thus slow the spread of these infections to the general population.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of viral infections among intravenous drug users in northern California. 131 Mar 62

A multicenter prospective study was carried out to evaluate whether a vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate transmitted blood-borne viral infections over a surveillance period of 15 months. Thirty-five patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease who had never received any blood components were treated. Twenty-eight were analyzed and found not to have non-A, non-B hepatitis. Sera from 20 of these 28 patients were also tested for the antibody to the hepatitis C virus. None had sero-converted during the follow-up period. None of the patients analyzed developed markers of the hepatitis B virus (n = 17) or the human immunodeficiency virus (n = 31). This vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate carries a low risk of transmitting hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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PMID:Low risk of viral infection after administration of vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate. International Investigator Group. 131 76

Serum samples from eight pregnant women and their offspring were studied by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA to evaluate mother-to-child transmission of this virus. The mothers were all infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); none showed symptoms of HCV infection. Anti-HCV antibodies were tested for by recombinant immunoblot assay. HCV viral sequences were found in five of the mothers and four of eight children, three of them at birth. Viremia was persistent in one infant who had chronic transaminase elevation and persistently remained anti-HCV-positive. The other three babies had intermittent viremia; all were asymptomatic and lost anti-HCV antibodies during follow-up. This loss of antibodies was also observed in PCR-negative infants. Thus, these results demonstrate transmission of HCV from mother to child by women coinfected with HCV and HIV. They indicate the usefulness of PCR for direct and early detection of HCV viremia in neonates.
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PMID:Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. 132 6

A variable prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection has been reported in adult patients on hemodialysis. We have studied HCV infection and associated risk factors in a pediatric dialysis unit. Sera from all 27 patients undergoing either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in our unit were tested for antibody to HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and seropositives were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay. Records were reviewed for demographic, biochemical, and risk factor data. From the total of 27 patients (12 male, mean age 20.9 years, range 7.3 to 28.1 years), five were anti-HCV(+) (18.5%). All the anti-HCV(+) patients had been on hemodialysis (69 to 194 months, mean 105 months), while of the 22 anti-HCV(-) patients, only 14 had been on hemodialysis (5 to 209 months, mean 41.4 months), P less than .005. All the anti-HCV(+) patients had received blood transfusions (10 to 124 units, mean 61.4 units) as had 12 of the anti-HCV(-) patients (1 to 54 units, mean 14 units), P less than .02. Of the 5 anti-HCV(+) patients, only one had prior hepatitis B infection; of the 22 anti-HCV(-) patients, three had hepatitis B surface antigen, and no others had evidence of hepatitis B infection. The most predictive risk factor for HCV infection was length of time on hemodialysis. Eleven of the 27 patients (40.7%) had abnormal alanine aminotransferase values, of whom four were anti-HCV(+), three were hepatitis B surface antigen(+), and one was seropositive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatitis C infection in a pediatric dialysis population. 131 56

Human immunoglobulins are plasma derivatives with a low risk of transmitting viral infections. To the present, no proven case of human immunoglobulins transmitting human immunodeficiency viruses has been reported. However, there have been a few reports on the transmission of hepatitis C virus by these plasma proteins. To improve further the safety of both 5s iv human immunoglobulins and 7s im immunoglobulins, we introduced a 10-hour heat treatment of the aqueous solutions at 60 degrees C (i.e., pasteurization) into the manufacturing procedure. This treatment was not added to the manufacturing procedure of 7s iv immunoglobulin that already contained the S-sulfonation as a virus inactivating method. We now report on experimental data that show that the whole manufacturing procedures of the above immunoglobulins inactivate efficiently hepatitis C virus and that the specific virus inactivation methods alone, namely, pasteurization or S-sulfonation, also inactivate completely viruses of the flavivirus family, to which the hepatitis C virus belongs. The inactivation of the Flaviviridae bovine viral diarrhea virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus by pasteurization or S-sulfonation was at least 10(5). The clearance of HCV achieved by the entire manufacturing process of each of these immunoglobulins was also at least 10(5). The experiments therefore show that pasteurization or S-sulfonation provides a high margin of safety to human immunoglobulins regarding the transmission of hepatitis C virus.
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PMID:Virus safety of human immunoglobulins: efficient inactivation of hepatitis C and other human pathogenic viruses by the manufacturing procedure. 131 86

Several studies have examined the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a trauma population. To our knowledge, no one has reported on the prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV). We prospectively studied the prevalence of HCV, as well as HBV, HIV, and syphilis in our adult regional level I trauma center population. Two hundred eighty-six consecutive trauma patients were tested for previous exposure to HCV using an anti-HCV mAb ELISA. Patients were also tested for exposure to HBV, HIV, and syphilis, and for illicit drug use. All rho values were calculated using Yates' corrected chi 2 or Student's t test. Twenty-two patients (7.7%) were found to have anti-HCV antibodies, five patients (1.7%) had active HBV, nine patients (3.2%) had HIV, and 16 patients (6%) were positive by RPR. Four (18%) of the patients seropositive for HCV tested positive for HBV, HIV, or syphilis as well. The HIV-positive patients were more likely than the HIV-negative patients to be HCV positive (rho = 0.018). Nine of the HCV seropositive patients (41%) tested positive for cocaine use. Cocaine users were more likely than nonusers to be HCV positive (rho = 0.0007). We have demonstrated the prevalence of HCV in our trauma population to be high (7.7%). It is well known that HCV has a high rate of chronicity, thus up to 90% of these patients are carriers and represent a substantial risk to health care workers. The two significant risk factors, HIV status and cocaine use, are difficult to elicit in the acute setting, reinforcing the need for adhering to universal precautions.
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PMID:The prevalence of hepatitis C in a regional level I trauma center population. 132 15

The prevalence of markers for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2), human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) was evaluated in a population of 305 multiply transfused thalassemia patients in Belgium, France, and Italy (Sicily). No patients were found positive for HIV-2 antibodies. Two French patients were seropositive for HIV-1, having been infected before systematic blood screening. Antibodies to HTLV-I were found in two Sicilian patients. A positive anti-HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found in one-third of the patients and a positive CMV IgG test in two-thirds. Twenty-two percent of the patients in the three countries were uninfected by HBV and were not vaccinated. With the exception of HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I, and anti-hepatitis B surface antigen assays, all markers were encountered more frequently in Sicilian patients than in French or Belgian patients. This study emphasizes the need to improve HBV vaccination coverage in the three countries. At present, data indicate that the introduction of routine screening for HTLV-I should be considered, particularly in Sicily.
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PMID:Prevalence of markers for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus in multiply transfused thalassemia patients. The French Study Group On Thalassaemia. 132 85

Forty-six patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection were followed between 6 and 116 mo (mean = 32.8 mo; median = 24 mo). Nineteen patients (41%) demonstrated clinical courses with episodes of biochemical reactivation (ALT levels greater than or equal to 10 times baseline values [group A]). Twenty-seven patients (59%) had stable clinical courses without biochemical reactivation (group B). Patients in group A were younger than those in group B (30.5 vs. 35.3 yr; p = 0.03), were less likely to be intravenous drug abusers (16% vs. 52%; p = 0.01) and were more likely to be homosexual (58% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Serum hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis delta virus RNA, IgM antibody to HBc, HBeAg, antibody to HBe and IgG and IgM antibody to hepatitis delta virus were measured in all patients. In group A, these markers were studied before and during reactivation and during remission. In group B, these parameters were studied in a random fashion at 7- to 10-mo intervals. The presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus was assessed in all patients. A total of 38 biochemical reactivation episodes was noted among the 19 patients in group A. Eleven had sequential changes in hepatitis delta virus markers, suggesting that the exacerbations were due to hepatitis delta virus. In three, the sequential changes of viral markers were consistent with the exacerbations due to hepatitis B virus. In five other patients, no sequential changes in viral markers could be demonstrated to correlate with the biochemical exacerbations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Spontaneous exacerbation of disease activity in patients with chronic delta hepatitis infection: the role of hepatitis B, C or D? 138 Apr 78


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