Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Surveys have shown that dentists are reluctant to treat persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, dentists are much more willing to treat patients with infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study shows that the annual cumulative risk of infection from routine treatment of patients whose seropositivity is undisclosed is 57 times greater from HBV than from HIV, and that the risk of dying from HBV infection is 1.7 times greater than the risk of HIV infection, for which mortality is almost certain.
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PMID:What is the dentist's occupational risk of becoming infected with hepatitis B or the human immunodeficiency virus? 154 81

Serological markers of hepatitis A, B, and Delta and human immunodeficiency viruses were studied in 25 children receiving cancer chemotherapy. Eighty-eight percent had pre-existing HAV immunity which was unaltered by chemotherapy. HDV infection was observed in 8% while HIV was conspicuous by its absence. Active HBV infection, observed in 76% of the children, was asymptomatic in the majority and was accompanied by a high incidence of HBe antigenaemia (57.9%) and its persistence. Pre-existing anti-HBs failed to prevent HBV infection recurrence, which was, however, transient and self-limiting. Multiple blood transfusions and repeated parenteral exposures appeared to be the possible sources of HBV acquisition. Transmission to close contacts was also observed. The study suggests that although HBV vaccine might not be protective against HBV infection in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, it may prevent its persistence and thereby help in reducing chronic liver disease-related morbidity and a highly infectious reservoir. Strict HBV screening of blood donors, exclusive use of disposable equipment, and vaccination of close contacts of cancer patients is recommended, particularly in HBV endemic third-world countries.
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PMID:Infection with hepatitis A, B, delta, and human immunodeficiency viruses in children receiving cycled cancer chemotherapy. 162 14

A random primed lambda gt11-cDNA library was constructed from donors plasma presumably infected by blood-borne non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis C:HC) agent and immunoscreened with serum pooled from patients with acute or chronic HC. Twelve lambda gt11-cDNA clones encoding antigens associated with HC infection in Japan as well as in the USA were isolated. Of these one clone consisting of 114 nucleotides and showing a discrete band on an immunoblot analysis, was extensively studied. The clone is not derived from the host DNA encoding one polypeptide specific and highly sensitive for serum from patients with HC and has no homology to the nucleotide sequences of known human viruses including hepatitis A,B and D viruses, Ebstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, immunodeficiency virus type 1 or Japanese encephalitis virus. These results suggest that this clone is derived from the genome of HC agent.
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PMID:A cDNA clone encoding a peptide highly specific for hepatitis C infection. 169 49

A random primed lambda gt11-cDNA library was constructed from donors plasma presumably infected by blood-borne non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis C:HC) agent and immunoscreened with serum pooled from patients with acute or chronic HC. Twelve lambda gt11-cDNA clones were isolated that was shown to encode antigens associated specifically with HC infection in Japan as well as in USA. Of these two, as well as another clone which is specific only to Japanese HC infection, have unique nucleotide sequences and were extensively studied. They are not derived from host DNA and have no homology to the sequences of known human viruses including hepatitis A, B and D viruses, Ebstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, immunodeficiency virus type 1 or Japanese encephalitis virus. These results suggest that they are derived from the genome of HC agent(s). In addition, of these, one clone seems to encode epitopes derived from both the core and the surface polypeptides of the agent.
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PMID:Cloning of hepatitis C virus genomes and their properties. 169 32

In order to define the risk factors for infection with hepatitis C virus, the authors determined the prevalence and incidence of antibodies to hepatitis C in three cohorts in Baltimore, Maryland, enrolled in prospective studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Among 500 multi-transfused patients who underwent cardiac surgery in 1985 and 1986, 12 (2.4%) were hepatitis C seropositive before surgery while 19 (3.9%) developed antibodies in the 8-12 months after surgery. The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus among 225 intravenous drug users followed since 1988 was 85%, which did not vary by HIV-1 status. Longer duration of intravenous drug use was significantly associated with hepatitis C seropositivity. Among 926 homosexual/bisexual men followed since 1984, 15 (1.6%) were hepatitis C seropositive; only intravenous drug use and a history of hepatitis A were marginally associated with hepatitis C in this population. No association was found between hepatitis C virus and HIV-1 or sexual behavior variables in this population. These data suggest that hepatitis C is readily transmitted by blood exposure, but is transmitted inefficiently by sexual means.
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PMID:Antibody to hepatitis C virus among cardiac surgery patients, homosexual men, and intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. 172 Sep 24

The viral safety of intramuscular immune globulin and albumin has long been recognized. Safety is the result of multiple barriers operating in concert, including donor selection, donor blood screening, immune neutralization, serendipitous inactivation and removal, and virus sterilization. Experience on the transmission of viruses, most notably hepatitis A and non-A, non-B (HBV and NANBHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by coagulation factor concentrates prepared from large plasma pools highlights the difficulty of relying on donor selection and purification methods to eliminate virus transmission and the benefit of potent virucidal procedures. Before virus sterilization, the transmission rate of NANBHV and HIV by these concentrates approached 100%. Following virus sterilization, methods shown to inactivate less than or equal to 10(4) infectious doses (ID50) of hepatitis virus(es) greatly reduced HIV but not NANBHV transmission. Methods shown to inactivate greater than or equal to 10(5) ID50 of hepatitis viruses have eliminated HIV transmission and have greatly reduced hepatitis transmission. Elimination of transmission occurred before HIV and HCV screening and the development of purification methods shown to reduce virus presence. Based on an analysis of the initial virus load, the best coagulation factor concentrates available today are concluded to have a probability of safety equivalent to that of albumin. Introduction of sterilization methodology into the manufacture of all blood protein products should now be considered.
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PMID:Specific inactivation of viruses which can potentially contaminate blood products. 179 31

Background. Herd immunity describes the collective immunocompetence of a population and its ability to resist disease. The diseases of mycobacteria, salmonella, hepatitis A, cryptosporidia, syphilis, measles, influenza, and numerous others recently have been seen in epidemic proportions in the United States. An association between these superimposed secondary infections and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic can be made since the HIV's imposition on individual immunity has ramifications on a population level through a decline in herd immunity. Conclusion. Exploring these epidemic phenomena as consequential to a reduction in herd immunity can provide a unifying hypothesis to explain existing and predict future infectious disease epidemic dynamics. The benefits of acting upon these implications has advantages for both the HIV infected and the uninfected.
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PMID:Herd immunity and the HIV epidemic. 186 55

Current data indicate that there are a number of infectious diseases, ie, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus infections, cysticercosis, hepatitis A, syphilis, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever, among others that cause disproportionately increased morbidity in Hispanics. The greater rate of poverty with its associated socioenvironmental problems, increased barriers to health care, and importation of infectious diseases endemic in the mother country are some of the major reasons that probably account for this disparity in disease burden in Hispanics. This formidable health problem can be addressed by targeting efforts at improving health education of family units and communities, environmental improvements, elimination or reduction of barriers to health care management and disease prevention, and appropriate screening programs. A comprehensive and uniform assessment of the impact of infectious diseases on Hispanics (and other minorities) in this country remains elusive, but is of paramount importance in establishing priorities and effective/efficient strategies to address this issue.
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PMID:Major infectious diseases causing excess morbidity in the Hispanic population. 187 56

Serum specimens from 111 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected and 183 HIV-1 seronegative patients were analysed for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. Anti-HCV and anti-HBV antibodies were found in the vast majority (89 and 83%, respectively) of intravenous drug addicts (IVDA), independent of the type of drug abuse or whether the patients were HIV-1 infected or not. Anti-HAV antibodies were found in 60% of the IVDA. Anti-HCV antibodies were found in anti-HIV-1 positive homosexual men (14%) and anti-HIV-1 negative heterosexual persons (8%), but not in HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men. Also anti-HAV antibodies were found to a small extent in these groups. In contrast, anti-HBV antibodies were common in the homosexual men. The absorbance values of the positive reactions in the anti-HCV ELISA were lower for HIV-1 seropositive patients than those for HIV-1 seronegative subjects, particularly in the late stages of HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that HCV infection is transmitted as readily as HBV infection by intravenous drug abuse and that all three types of hepatitis virus infection are common in IVDA. Although transmission of HCV is primarily mediated by blood, sexual transmission may also occur. HIV-1 infection seems to be associated with unusually low levels of anti-HCV antibodies, especially in the late stages of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in individuals with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 212 86

A 71-yr-old male presented with a 2-month history of fever, malaise, and weight loss. Physical exam revealed chorioretinitis. Laboratory studies were notable for elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Immunoglobulin G antibody to Toxoplasma gondii was positive to a dilution of 1:4096, whereas serologic studies for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Brucella, and Tularemia were negative. A percutaneous biopsy of the liver revealed hepatic granulomas. Culture of the biopsy specimen was negative for growth of mycobacteria or fungi. Spontaneous improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters occurred over a 4-month period.
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PMID:Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and hepatic granulomas. 222 Jul 41


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