Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pneumoccal pneumonia is a common illness; the highest incidence occurs at the extremes of age. The rate of pneumococcal bacteremic pneumonia is higher in blacks than in whites and 41 times higher in those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than in individuals of the same age who are not HIV infected. Risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia include dementia, seizure disorders, cigarette smoking, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, institutionalization, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Outbreaks of pneumococcal pneumonia occur in situations of overcrowding such as in jails or in shelters for the homeless. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization, accounting for up to 50% of all such cases. The mortality rate from this infection varies considerably in reported studies ranging from 7% to 36%. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia often has a complicated course. Respiratory failure, meningitis, pleural effusion, and empyema are the most common complications. The radiographic manifestations of pneumococcal pneumonia vary, but in general lobar consolidation is more likely to be associated with bacteremia. Cavitation is unusual.
 ...
PMID:Pneumococcal pneumonia: epidemiology and clinical features. 1050 10

The frequency and factors associated with cardiomyopathy were studied among inner-city hospital patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Of 84 patients with HIV infection, 20 (24%) had cardiomyopathy. Fourteen (70%) of the patients with cardiomyopathy did not have clinical evidence of congestive heart failure. There was no significant association between cardiomyopathy and common opportunistic infections or zidovudine treatment. These results indicate that cardiomyopathy is common in patients with HIV infection and often is clinically unsuspected.
 ...
PMID:Frequency and factors associated with cardiomyopathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an inner-city hospital. 1051 69

The case fatality rate for children with kwashiorkor in central hospitals in Malawi was 30.5% (275/901) in 1995. The purpose of this study was to determine whether improved case management with intensive nursing care could lower this case fatality rate. A total of 75 children admitted with kwashiorkor in Blantyre, Malawi, received intensive nursing care. This included nursing in individual clean beds with blankets, a nurse:child ratio of 1:3, supervised feedings every 2 h, a paediatrician with expertise in treating kwashiorkor always available for consultation, laboratory evaluation for systemic infection and empiric use of ceftriaxone. Nineteen of these children died (25%). The causes of death were life threatening electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypophosphataemia) in nine cases, overwhelming infection in eight cases and congestive heart failure in two children. Children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus were more likely to die (9/20), as were children with life threatening electrolyte abnormalities (9/15) and children with more severe wasting. When compared with 225 children treated in the same year at the same institution, who were carefully matched for severity of kwashiorkor, intensive nursing did not improve overall survival.
 ...
PMID:Intensive nursing care of kwashiorkor in Malawi. 1070 79

The amino acid, taurine, is an important nutrient found in very high concentration in excitable tissue. Cellular depletion of taurine has been linked to developmental defects, retinal damage, immunodeficiency, impaired cellular growth and the development of a cardiomyopathy. These findings have encouraged the use of taurine in infant formula, nutritional supplements and energy promoting drinks. Nonetheless, the use of taurine as a drug to treat specific diseases has been limited. One disease that responds favorably to taurine therapy is congestive heart failure. In this review, we discuss three mechanisms that might underlie the beneficial effect of taurine in heart failure. First, taurine promotes natriuresis and diuresis, presumably through its osmoregulatory activity in the kidney, its modulation of atrial natriuretic factor secretion and its putative regulation of vasopressin release. However, it remains to be determined whether taurine treatment promotes salt and water excretion in humans with heart failure. Second, taurine mediates a modest positive inotropic effect by regulating [Na+]i and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger flux. Although this effect of taurine has not been examined in human tissue, it is significant that it bypasses the major calcium transport defects found in the failing human heart. Third, taurine attenuates the actions of angiotensin II on Ca2+ transport, protein synthesis and angiotensin II signaling. Through this mechanism taurine would be expected to minimize many of the adverse actions of angiotensin II, including the induction of cardiac hypertrophy, volume overload and myocardial remodeling. Since the ACE inhibitors are the mainstay in the treatment of congestive heart failure, this action of taurine is probably very important.
 ...
PMID:Interaction between the actions of taurine and angiotensin II. 1094 14

We report the case of a young Caucasian man who presented with polyneuropathy and severe, ultimately fatal, congestive heart failure in the context of a chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Post-mortem examination revealed both monoclonal and polyclonal proliferation of EBV-positive atypical T lymphocytes within different organs. Predominant infiltration of the nervous system and heart with extensive myocardial scarring accounted for the clinical symptoms. The remarkable features of this case are (i) the occurrence in a Caucasian patient, (ii) the absence of detectable immunodeficiency, and (iii) the myocardial destruction by EBV-infected monoclonal T cells.
 ...
PMID:Fatal atypical T-cell proliferation associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. 1116 33

We present a case of meningitis and endocarditis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) in an adult patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To our knowledge, only four other cases of meningitis, none of which had concomitant endocarditis, have been reported so far. A 45-year-old homosexual patient presented with fever, confusion, and signs of meningeal irritation. Streptococcus agalactiae was cultured from the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Diagnosis of meningitis caused by streptococcus agalactiae was made. On day 35, a heart murmur was noticed, and patient developed cardiac decompensation. Echocardiography revealed vegetations on the mitral and aortic valve. After nine weeks of antibiotic treatment, the patient was discharged from the hospital in good general condition, with improved CSF and echocardiographic findings.
 ...
PMID:Meningitis and endocarditis caused by group B streptococcus in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient. 1159 76

Cardiac disease is being recognized as a complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, as more effective therapy is producing longer survival in patients with HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cardiac disease may occur coincidentally in a patient with AIDS, as a complication of AIDS, as a result of therapy for AIDS, or even as a direct result of HIV infection of the heart. Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a poor prognosis and is best treated with traditional therapy. All patients with HIV/AIDS should get a baseline echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG), because many patients are asymptomatic. Patients with low CD4 counts, those receiving zidovudine, and intravenous drug users must be further evaluated. Most patients with symptomatic effusions have a potentially treatable cause (neoplasm or infection), and a full workup must be initiated; however, small asymptomatic effusions often can be observed and followed by serial echocardiography. Physicians should be more alert to cardiac involvement in patients with HIV. Earlier surveillance is warranted and may lead to earlier treatment and supportive care.
 ...
PMID:Cardiac complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. 1172 51

We describe a patient with advanced perinatal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had early clinical manifestation of severe dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure. The picture was completely reversed after six years treatment and follow-up, and the child is now doing well at the age of seven, with normal left ventricular dimension and contractility as shown by echodopplercardiography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of full recovery from cardiomyopathy in children with perinatally acquired infection by the human immunodeficiency virus.
 ...
PMID:Reversible cardiomyopathy subsequent to perinatal infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. 1469 61

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is recognized as an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis and myocardial infection with HIV-1 are the best-studied causes of cardiomyopathy in HIV disease. HIV-1 virions appear to infect myocardial cells in a patchy distribution with no direct association between the presence of the virus and myocyte dysfunction. Myocardial dendritic cells seem to play a significant pathogenetic role by activating multifunctional cytokines (i. e., tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase that contribute to progressive and late myocardial tissue damage. Coinfection with other viruses (usually, coxsackievirus B3 and cytomegalovirus) may also play an important etiopathogenetic role.The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly reduced the incidence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients living in developed countries. By contrast, in developing countries, where the availability of HAART is scanty and greater is the pathogenetic role of nutritional factors, the incidence of HIV-associated myocarditis and cardiomyopathy is increasing with a high mortality rate for congestive heart failure.A clinical diagnosis of myocarditis or congestive heart failure may be difficult in an HIV-infected patient due to masking of symptoms by concomitant bronchopulmonary disease and/or wasting syndromes, especially in a more advanced stage of HIV disease. Immunomodulatory therapy (intravenous immunoglobulins) may be helpful in adults and children with HIV-associated myocarditis and declining left ventricular function. Data on the role of HAART in the treatment of HIVassociated myocarditis and cardiomyopathy are lacking.
 ...
PMID:HIV-associated cardiomyopathy etiopathogenesis and clinical aspects. 1617 Jun 79

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global public health issue that is frequently associated with cardiovascular involvement. Left ventricular dysfunction, an independent predictor of mortality in HIV-infected patients, is the result of many causes in this population and may result in dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in about 10% of patients. Antiinfective and highly active antiretroviral therapies may be particularly helpful in this population to reduce HIV-associated diseases. However, some of these drugs exhibit mitochondrial toxicity being expected to impair myocardial function. The HIV-associated cardiomyopathy is often clinically occult or attributed incorrectly to other noncardiac disease processes. Therefore, a heightened awareness and routine screening for cardiovascular involvement in HIV-infected patients would lead to earlier detection and the hope for a reduction in associated morbidity and mortality. In summary, cardiovascular complications, particular HIV-associated cardiomyopathy, are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients that can be detected early in many cases and may be treated effectively. The therapy of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy comprises standard medical treatment for heart failure.
 ...
PMID:[HIV-associated cardiomyopathy]. 1617 Jun 87


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>