Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

89 prostitutes and 45 men attending the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Mogadishu, Somalia, were tested for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) with the Abbott ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay) test, cultured for gonorrhea, and screened for syphilis. There were no sera positive for HIV. 11% of the prostitutes and 7% of the men had positive gonorrhea cultures; 28% of the prostitutes and 4% of the men were positive for syphilis; 1 of the men had penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoea with a beta-lactamase test. An epidemiological questionnaire was administered to the subjects. Most were aged 20-29; 67% were married; 80% of the men and 22.5% of the women were soldiers. 40% of the men reported use of prostitutes. Stated numbers of sexual contacts were 1.87/week for the prostitutes, and 1.51/week for the men. Data were also reported on occupations, recent injections, immunizations, intravenous drug use, surgery, blood transfusions and scarification.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection surveillance in Mogadishu, Somalia. 222 25

During the past two decades, an explosive growth in both the prevalence and types of sexually transmitted diseases has occurred. Up to 55 percent of homosexual men with anorectal complaints have gonorrhea; 80 percent of the patients with syphilis are homosexuals. Chlamydia is found in 15 percent of asymptomatic homosexual men, and up to one third of homosexuals have active anorectal herpes simplex virus. In addition, a host of parasites, bacterial, viral, and protozoan are all rampant in the homosexual population. Furthermore, the global epidemic of AIDS has produced a plethora of colorectal manifestations. Acute cytomegalovirus ileocolitis is the most common indication for emergency abdominal surgery in the homosexual AIDS population. Along with cryptosporidia and isospora, the patient may present to the colorectal surgeon with bloody diarrhea and weight loss before the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Other patients may present with colorectal Kaposi's sarcoma or anorectal lymphoma, and consequently will be found to have seropositivity for HIV. However, in addition to these protean manifestations, one third of patients with AIDS consult the colorectal surgeon with either condylomata acuminata, anorectal sepsis, or proctitis before the diagnosis of HIV disease. Although aggressive anorectal surgery is associated with reasonable surgical results in some asymptomatic HIV positive patients, the same procedures in AIDS (symptomatic HIV positive) patients will often be met with disastrous results. It is incumbent upon the surgeon, therefore, to recognize the manifestations of HIV disease and diagnose these conditions accordingly.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. 224

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are now the most common group of identifiable infectious diseases in many countries, especially among those ages 15-50 and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). THe worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STDs is estimated to be over 125 million cases yearly. STDs are hyperendemic in many developing countries. However, in industrialized countries, the bacterial STDs such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid declined from their peak during WW II until the late 1950s, increased during the 1960s and early 1970s, and have again decreased since that time. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses, and HIV are now more significant than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both men and women, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancy are often a result of pelvic inflammatory disease and are preventable. STDs in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. In many areas, 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a disease that blinds and congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral STDs (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men. (author's modified)
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture. 228

Longitudinal data on 2,125 participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with documented antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were used to examine the incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) over time and to determine if sexual practices and hematologic variables prior to diagnosis differed for participants who develop KS vs. non-KS AIDS (NKS). In the first 4 years of the study, 84 seropositive men were observed to develop KS and 307 presented with an AIDS diagnosis other than KS. A systematic trend in the incidence of KS over time was not apparent in this population. The number of anal-receptive intercourse partners prior to diagnosis declined in a similar fashion for both AIDS groups. Although the number of partners with whom the men performed rimming decreased prior to diagnosis for both AIDS groups, a greater proportion of the KS AIDS group had performed this activity with multiple partners than had the non-KS AIDS group. Furthermore, history of oral gonorrhea was significantly (p = 0.027) more prevalent in the KS group. In addition, the KS AIDS group had lower cytomegalovirus antibody levels prior to diagnosis and higher levels of total immunoglobulin G. The groups did not differ with respect to baseline hematological measures, temporal trends in helper and suppressor T cells, or hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. Given this profile of factors associated with the occurrence of KS, an infectious agent, in addition to HIV-1, is plausible as a proposed cofactor in the development of KS.
 ...
PMID:Incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. 239 82

Data from Edinburgh, Scotland, on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men between 1980-1987 suggest that this high-risk population is effectively adopting "safer sex" practices. The incidence of early syphilis in homosexual men presenting to the department of genitourinary medicine at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary peaked at 20 cases in 1984, and then began precipitous decline; no such cases were diagnosed in 1986 and 1987. The incidence of rectal gonorrhea reached a high of 58 cases in 1982, and has fallen steadily since then; there were 5 such cases diagnosed in 1987. Since unprotected anoreceptive intercourse is the main risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in homosexual men, trends in the incidence of rectal gonorrhea provide reliable information about the extent to which safe sex practices are being followed. Diagnoses of all types of gonorrhea peaked in 1982 at 120 cases, at which point they began a steady decline to 10 cases in 1987. Since this clinic does not have a policy of random anonymous testing for HIV infection, information on trends in the incidence of this infection are not available for this population. In general, these incidence trend date imply that the homosexual community in Edinburgh adopted sexual practices aimed at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infection even before government health education campaigns were launched. While declines in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea were not recorded in the heterosexual population in Edinburgh until 1985, homosexual men began demonstrating this trend around 1982.
 ...
PMID:Trends in sexual behaviour and HIV incidence in homosexual men. 249 5

To evaluate behavioral and immunologic factors related to transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by homosexual intercourse, we studied a population of 329 homosexual/bisexual men (155 partner-pairs) seen in a community health center and medical outpatient clinic. Logistic regression analysis showed that behavioral risk factors for infection in the 130 HIV-infected men included: receptive anal intercourse (OR 4.6, 95% CI-1.8, 12.1); receptive fisting (OR 2.5, CI-1.1, 7.0); nitrite use (OR 2.3, CI-1.2, 4.6); history of gonorrhea or syphilis (OR 2.3, CI-1.4, 3.9); and history of sexual contact with men from areas with many AIDS cases (OR 1.9, CI-1.0, 3.5). Comparing seven men who were probable transmitters of HIV and 11 men who had not transmitted HIV to their uninfected partners despite unprotected insertive anal intercourse, we found no differences in HIV isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, circulating HIV antigen detection, or presence of neutralizing antibody to HIV. Helper T-cell numbers were not significantly different between the two groups, but transmitters had more suppressor T-cells than did nontransmitters.
 ...
PMID:Increased suppressor T cells in probable transmitters of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 253 Sep 6

During a three-week period in March/April 1987, the authors examined 253 consecutive patients referred to a rural hospital in northwestern Tanzania. Sera were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), as well as for various parasites, hepatitis B virus, and Treponema pallidum. Neopterin (urinary and serum) was chosen as the immunologic parameter. In eight of the 253 patients (3.2%), a clinical diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was established. Three of the AIDS patients had HIV-1 antibodies, two had HIV-1 antigen, one had both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, and in one patient, only HIV-2 antibodies were found. The total HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence (antibodies plus antigen) was 4.3%; HTLV-I seroprevalence was 9.9%. No correlation could be found between HIV (or HTLV-I) seropositivity and raised levels of antibody to the above pathogens. There was, however, a significantly positive correlation between HIV seropositivity and history of gonorrhea, whereas a history of operations, injections, vaccinations, blood transfusions, or scarification did not influence the level of HIV seropositivity. The most frequently noted epidemiologic association with HIV seropositivity was traveling to or coming from Uganda or Rwanda. Two thirds of the studied Tanzanians had elevated neopterin levels, and all seven HIV-seropositive patients with clinical signs of AIDS had extremely high serum and urinary neopterin levels compared with HIV-seropositive patients without signs of AIDS. Increased neopterin levels reflect a stimulation of the T-cell/macrophage system.
 ...
PMID:Retroviral infections (HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I) in rural northwestern Tanzania. Clinical findings, epidemiology, and association with infections common in Africa. 254 23

To ascertain the incidence of infections in intravenous users of illicit drugs, we performed a retrospective study of 270 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 562 controls who did not use drugs over a seven-year period from 1978-1985. IVDUs had an increased overall incidence of infections (P less than 0.001) compared to controls, which was explained to a large degree by an increased incidence of hepatitis. Endocarditis and disseminated gonococcal infection were seen with increased frequency in IVDUs (P less than 0.05), but abscess and cellulitis were not. Neither acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, nor disseminated viral or fungal infection were seen in IVDUs or controls. Heroin users, but not other IVDUs, had an increased incidence of infections not thought to be associated with needle use, suggesting impaired immunity. This study demonstrates that IVDUs have an increased incidence of infection compared to control subjects, but the kinds of infections have changed substantially over the past two decades. The presence of opportunistic pathogens in these patients should suggest concurrent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
 ...
PMID:Increased incidence of infections in intravenous drug users. 278 3

The effects of the current campaign in Sweden to decrease the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are difficult to evaluate because little data is available on the sexual habits of Swedish people during the time before the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) campaign began. This paper presents the results of a limited survey which was performed in 1987 with 189 pregnant women who were admitted to 2 maternal care centers in northern Stockholm and who agreed to participate anonymously by answering a multiple choice questionnaire. The women ranged in age from 18-44 years with a mean of 28.2. 93% of them were married or living with someone; 5% had a steady partner but were not living with him; and 2% were alone. 39% of the women stated that they had some type of sexually transmitted disease (chlamydia, gonorrhea, condyloma, herpes, trichomonas, syphilis, crab lice, cervicitis-salpingitis without known microbial genesis). 1.3 of these women belonged to the group who had had 5 partners. This survey shows that a population of ordinary Swedish women who were planning a birth during 1989 had good knowledge of, and had access to, contraceptives. Although the majority had had relatively few sexual partners, a large proportion of then had, nevertheless, acquired sexually transmitted disease. This study indicates that expanded activity for diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted disease and increased use of condoms as a barrier to infection are important for preventing this type of disease in the future.
 ...
PMID:[Results of an inquiry: the preventive aspect of sexual transmission is an important part of the work of family planning departments]. 281 21

Risk for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was evaluated in 100 homosexual or bisexual men from Trinidad. High seropositivity for HTLV-I (15% vs 2.4% in the general population) was linked to duration of homosexuality and numbers of partners, suggesting that HTLV-I, like HIV, can be transmitted by homosexual sex. Forty percent of homosexuals compared with 0.19% of the general population were seropositive for HIV, and sexual contact with US homosexual men and prior history of gonorrhea were major risk factors. The seroprevalence of HIV was three times higher than that for HTLV-I, suggesting that HIV is more efficiently transmitted, especially since HIV appears to have been recently introduced into Trinidad. Altered immune status was prominent in individuals infected with HIV and coinfected with HIV and HTLV-I. Whether HIV/HTLV-I coinfection amplifies clinical effects is a hypothesis that will require further evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Transmission of HTLV-I and HIV among homosexual men in Trinidad. 288 30


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>