Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many studies indicate a strong association of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans with localized juvenile periodontitis. Species associated with adult periodontitis include Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Wolinella recta. Capnocytophaga species may be important in pubertal gingivitis. An unnamed spirochete related to Treponema pallidum has been identified in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis lesions. Species isolated from prepubertal periodontitis, peri-implantitis, pericoronitis, and human immunodeficiency virus gingivitis and periodontitis are similar to those isolated from periodontal and gingival infections. Species identification in combination with clinical characteristics facilitates periodontal diagnosis. DNA probes, immunoassays, and benzoyl-arginine naphthylamide reactivity methods can be used to indicate putative pathogens in plaque samples. Microbial identification aids in antibiotic selection and planning a treatment regimen.
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PMID:Microbial etiology of periodontal diseases. Where are we? Where are we going? 132 46

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has morphological, physical and biochemical characteristics similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS in man. However, it is antigenically and genetically distinct from HIV; an antigenic relatedness with equine infectious anaemia virus has been demonstrated. FIV has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Diagnostic tests are commercially available and attempts at preparing inactivated, subunit and molecularly engineered vaccines are being made in different laboratories. During FIV infection a transient primary illness can be recognized, with fever, neutropenia and lymphadenopathy. After a long period of clinical normalcy a secondary stage is distinguished with signs of an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. The incubation period for this stage can be as long as 5 years, during which gradual impairment of immune function develops. Many FIV-infected cats are presented for the first time showing vague signs of illness: recurrent fevers, emaciation, lack of appetite, lymphadenopathy, anaemia, leucopenia and behavioural changes. Later, the predominant clinical signs observed are chronic stomatitis/gingivitis, enteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, and infections of the skin. Neoplasias, neurological, immunological and haematological disorder are seen in a smaller proportion. The immunodeficiency-like syndrome is progressive over a period of months to years. Concomitant infection with feline leukaemia virus has been shown to accelerate the progression of disease. In vitro, phenotypic mixing between FIV and an endogenous feline oncovirus (RD114) has been demonstrated which leads to a broadening of the cell spectrum of the lentivirus. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has been isolated only once, and all attempts to obtain additional isolates have failed; it has been recovered from the leucocytes of cattle with persistent lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, lesions in the central nervous system, progressive weakness and emaciation. As with the feline representative, BIV also was found to possess a lentivirus morphology and to encode a reverse transcriptase with Mg++ preference; it replicates and induces syncytia in a variety of embryonic bovine tissues in vitro. Antigenic analyses have demonstrated a conservation of epitopes between the major core protein of BIV and HIV. The original isolate has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Besides the three large open reading frames (ORFs) comprising the gag, pol, and env genes common to all replication-competent retroviruses, five additional small ORFs were found. Numerous point mutations and deletions were found, mostly in the env-encoding ORF. These data suggest that, within a single virus isolate, BIV displays extensive genomic variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Animal immunodeficiency viruses. 133 43

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children include oral candidiasis, herpetic stomatitis, oral hairy leukoplakia, parotid gland swelling, and other bacterial, viral and mycotic infections. The frequency and natural history of those disorders are not fully defined. The purpose of this work is to inform the oral findings in 57 HIV infected children studied at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico. All 57 patients presented nonspecific gingivitis; however it was not feasible to associate it with the HIV infection; in 28 oral candidiasis was observed, and in 3 cases herpetic stomatitis was documented. Oral candidiasis was found regardless the patient's sex, age, clinical stage, treatment, and mode of transmission of the HIV infection. It has been considered that oral candidiasis is a good marker of immunodeficiency; however, in our patients this correlation was not observed. Also, other HIV-associated oral manifestations were not observed in these cases. The severity and rapid clinical course presented by our patients, may explain both, the lack of correlation between candidiasis and immunodeficiency as well as the absence of other lesions.
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PMID:[Oral manifestations in HIV positive children]. 138 84

Aseptic venipuncture was used to obtain samples of blood from 22 patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with gingivitis (HIV-G) and 19 HIV-seropositive patients with periodontitis (HIV-P), 15 and 30 minutes after the initiation of routine dental scaling and root planing. The presence of colony forming units in 1.2 ml aliquots of blood collected with the Isostate system (DuPont Isostat System, Doraville, Ga.) was assayed on trypticase soy blood agar. Six of the samples from HIV-G subjects were positive for colony forming units 15 minutes after scaling but not at 30 minutes. Similar evidence of bacteremia was found in seven of the HIV-P patients 15 minutes after scaling was initiated in this group, with no microbial growth detectable in samples obtained at 30 minutes. In two HIV-G and three HIV-P patients with demonstrable bacteremias a postoperative fever developed. For both HIV-G and HIV-P groups no significant difference was found between the absolute CD4 T-cell counts of nonbacteremic versus bacteremic patients (p greater than 0.05). These observations suggest that special provisions for antibiotic prophylaxis in this patient group may be unnecessary.
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PMID:Postscaling bacteremia in HIV-associated gingivitis and periodontitis. 151 41

This study correlates the prevalent oral disease findings in 390 patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with their level of staging (Walter Reed) and depletion of peripheral helper T lymphocytes (CD4+). Chronic lymphadenopathy of the head and neck was a common finding (59.2%) that occurred early in staging progression and did not correlate with depression of helper T-cell levels. Of the three prevalent oral disease findings (oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), candidiasis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG]) only OHL and NUG were significantly correlated with helper T-cell depletion. The occurrence of visually detectable OHL and NUG corresponds to depletion of peripheral helper T-lymphocyte values in a range of 157 to 299 cells/mm3. This range may represent a more accurate value for biologically significant lymphocyte depletion than the Walter Reed value of 400 cells/mm3. The presence of OHL showed a weak statistical correlation with staging progression, indicating deteriorating immunoregulation. No cases of Kaposi's sarcoma or other HIV-1-associated oral diseases were observed in the sample population, regardless of the patient's staging category or peripheral helper T-lymphocyte count.
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PMID:Correlation of oral disease with the Walter Reed staging scheme for HIV-1-seropositive patients. 153 56

Patients with severe immunosuppression as a consequence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for a number of severe periodontal diseases. HIV-associated gingivitis and HIV-associated periodontitis (HIV-P) are seen exclusively in HIV-infected persons. In some cases HIV-P may extend into adjacent soft tissue and bone, resulting in necrotizing stomatitis of periodontal origin. In addition, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis has also been reported to have an increased prevalence in HIV-infected patients. The clinical and microbiologic features of HIV-associated gingivitis and HIV-P suggest that these diseases are early and later stages of the same lesion, that results in severe gingival erythema, extensive soft tissue necrosis, and destruction of alveolar bone. Although acute necrotizing gingivitis and the initial stages of HIV-P share a number of clinical signs current evidence indicates that they are distinct pathologic processes. Treatment of these lesions requires debridement, local antimicrobial therapy, immediate follow-up care, and long-term maintenance. In addition, patients with systemic involvement or extensive and rapidly progressing lesions may require systemic antibiotics appropriate to the organisms that dominate the lesion.
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PMID:Periodontal disease associated with HIV infection. 153 35

Two hundred and twenty-six cats from the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), a cat shelter, and a purebred cattery were tested for chronic feline calicivirus (FCV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections. Chronic oral carriage of FCV was present in about one-fifth of the cats in each of the groups. FIV infection was not present in the purebred cattery, was moderately prevalent (8%) in the pet population of cats examined at the VMTH for various complaints and was rampant in the cat shelter (21%). Unexpectedly high FeLV infection rates were found in the hospital cat population (28%) and in the purebred cattery (36%), but not in the cat shelter (1.4%). FCV and FeLV infections tended to occur early in life, whereas FIV infections tended to occur in older animals. From 43 to 100% of the cats in these environments had oral cavity disease ranging from mild gingivitis (23-46%), proliferative gingivitis (18-20%), periodontitis (3-32%) and periodontitis with involvement of extra-gingival tissues (7-27%). Cats infected solely with FCV did not have a greater likelihood of oral lesions, or more severe oral disease, than cats that were totally virus free. This was also true for cats infected solely with FeLV, or for cats dually infected with FeLV and FCV. Cats infected solely with FIV appeared to have a greater prevalence of oral cavity infections and their oral cavity disease tended to be more severe than cats without FIV infection. FIV-infected cats that were coinfected with either FCV, or with FCV and FeLV, had the highest prevalence of oral cavity infections and the most severe oral lesions.
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PMID:Chronic oral infections of cats and their relationship to persistent oral carriage of feline calici-, immunodeficiency, or leukemia viruses. 165 31

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated gingivitis (HIV-G) and HIV-associated periodontitis (HIV-P) are two intraoral lesions manifested by patients with HIV infection. Periodontal indices were measured for 87 subjects in 5 study groups: HIV-seropositive patients with healthy periodontium (HIV-H), with HIV-G, or with HIV-P; and non-HIV-infected subjects with healthy periodontium (H) or with adult chronic periodontitis (P). The quantitative clinical parameters were compared and statistically significant intergroup differences were noted. The mean scores on PI and PD do not discriminate between HIV-seropositive and non-HIV-infected seronegative cohorts, but a significant difference in the GI between HIV-H and H was noted. When categories of PD and AL are examined, some differences become apparent. Generally, the PD and AL of HIV-P are not as great as those of P. PI correlates well with GI (r = 0.86) in P, but does not (r = 0.33) in HIV-P. In addition, the occurrence of selected putative periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, spirochetes, and motile eubacteria) in these lesions was determined by brightfield (after staining), darkfield and immunofluorescent microscopy. No difference in microbiological profile in the bacterial groups monitored was found between P and HIV-P. Spirochetes were found to be more abundant than P. gingivalis in the lesions of P and HIV-P. In marked contrast, P. gingivalis was found to be in highest numbers in samples from the gingival crevice of H as determined by indirect immunofluorescence.
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PMID:Clinical documentation and occurrence of putative periodontopathic bacteria in human immunodeficiency virus-associated periodontal disease. 168 37

Determining the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection based on cellular and clinical markers has become increasingly important. Although a number of studies have shown a relationship between the presence of certain oral lesions and progression to AIDS, few data exist regarding the association with T lymphocyte counts. In this study, the question of whether intraoral lesions preceded or were the consequences of changes in T lymphocyte counts was examined. A total of 116 HIV-infected patients participating in two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine at the University of Minnesota AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (ACTU) were enrolled in a prospective dental study. Patients were examined for the presence of hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, aphthae, atypical gingivitis, HIV-associated periodontitis, and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, as well as other oral lesions, every 3 months for a maximum of four examinations over a 1-year period. T lymphocyte counts before and after each patient's oral examination were obtained. No significant differences were found at examination 1 for differences in gender, race, age, education, tobacco smoking status, ethanol consumption habits, duration in ACTU drug protocol, duration in dental study protocol, or mean T lymphocyte counts between individuals with or without oral lesions at any time in the dental study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Increasing CD8+ T lymphocytes predict subsequent development of intraoral lesions among individuals in the early stages of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. 168 73

The clinical findings of patients with oral Kaposi's sarcoma are reviewed. These oral findings commonly included candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, gingivitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), periodontitis, and other symptoms, including xerostomia. The other common symptoms of HIV disease that may be of importance in leading to a diagnosis are reviewed in this patient group. Treatment by local radiotherapy or by intralesional vinblastine of these oral Kaposi's sarcomas resulted in successful palliation, with more than 50% regression of the lesions in 80% of the patients treated.
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PMID:HIV infection: clinical features and treatment of thirty-three homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. 170 95


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