Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Microsporidia are protozoan parasites responsible for significant gastrointestinal disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. We report the clinical features of three patients with chronic diarrhea and intestinal microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The average value for CD4 in these patients was < or = 50 cells/mm3. The spores were detected in smears from stool samples and duodenal aspirates stained with trichrome blue in all patients. Light microscopy of semi-thin plastic sections revealed parasites and spores in the enterocytes and were associated with villous atrophy (2 out of 3). Thin section-electron microscopy showed a variety of developmental stages of the microsporidio. Patients treated with Albendazole had an unsatisfactory clinical response to therapy. Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection may be an important cause of diarrhea in patients with AIDS in our country.
 ...
PMID:[Morphological study of Enterocytozoon bineousi in patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhea]. 952 21

Although Mycobacterium simiae was identified and classified more than three decades ago, only a few cases are mentioned in the current literature. After experimental simian immunodeficiency virus infection, a 9-year-old female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) developed progressive immunosuppression and gastrointestinal disease very similar to the clinical and pathomorphologic features of Johne's disease, which is caused by M. paratuberculosis. Acid-fast-positive bacteria reacted immunohistochemically with antibodies against M. paratuberculosis and M. bovis but were not useful for differentiation because of a high degree of cross-reactivity. In contrast to immunohistochemistry and histopathology, biochemical methods and cycle sequencing analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA identified M. simiae as the disease-causing pathogen. This case demonstrates the importance of molecular biological methods for the diagnosis of M. simiae infection in monkeys.
 ...
PMID:A case of intestinal Mycobacterium simiae infection in an SIV-infected immunosuppressed rhesus monkey. 1033 33

We report a now three year old male patient with ectodermal dysplasia and a polysaccharide specific humoral immunodeficiency. Immunological investigations showed compromised production of IgA, IgM, and IgG2. Isohaemagglutinins still were not detectable at the age of three years. Repeated vaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine did not result in production of specific antibodies. Two brothers showed clinical signs of ectodermal dysplasia. The elder brother died from pneumococcal sepsis at the age of 3 years. The younger brother suffers from chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease with ulcerations in all parts of the gastrointestinal system. Thus, a possible association between polysaccharide specific humoral immunodeficiency and ectodermal dysplasia may be considered.
 ...
PMID:[Polysaccharide specific humoral immunodeficiency in ectodermal dysplasia. Case report of a boy with two affected brothers]. 1059 27

Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum is the most common systemic fungal infection in the United States, but symptomatic gastrointestinal disease is rare. Gastrointestinal involvement is seen in patients with an established immunosuppressed state that predates any infection. We report a patient presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding ultimately diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis. Work-up led to the diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency, a diagnosis not previously described as associated with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Resolution of the colonic ulcer was documented after appropriate antifungal therapy, underscoring the importance of including this infectious process in the differential of a patient without other risk factors for colonic ulceration.
 ...
PMID:Histoplasmosis capsulatum as a cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in common variable immunodeficiency. 1121 27

Cryptosporidium spp. are a major cause of diarrheal disease in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. They also cause waterborne disease in both the United States and United Kingdom. Studies on the mechanisms of immunity to cryptosporidiosis indicate the importance of the T-cell response. The spectrum and severity of disease in immunocompromised individuals with cryptosporidiosis reflect this importance since the most severe disease is seen in individuals with defects in the T-cell response. The most commonly studied group is that of patients with AIDS. These patients suffer from more severe and prolonged gastrointestinal disease that can be fatal; in addition, body systems other than the gastrointestinal tract may be affected. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy does appear to be having a beneficial effect on recovery from cryptosporidiosis and on the frequency of infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Other diseases that are associated with increased risk of severe cryptosporidiosis, such as primary immunodeficiencies, most notably severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, are also predominantly associated with T-cell defects. Of the remaining groups, children with acute leukemia seem to be most at risk from cryptosporidiosis. There is less evidence of severe complications in patients with other malignant diseases or in those receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. 1178 Dec 72

Reduced intestinal CD4 T cell numbers and gastrointestinal disease are common features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Duodenal lymphocyte densities and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 expression were analyzed in patients with AIDS after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Compared with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative individuals, HAART-naive patients with AIDS displayed reduced duodenal CD4 T cell densities. After HAART, AIDS patients with opportunistic intestinal pathogens displayed greater increases in duodenal lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cell densities than patients without such infections. Duodenal MAdCAM-1 expression was elevated in all HAART-naive patients with AIDS but remained elevated only in the intestinal pathogen group after HAART. The data suggest that, in HIV-1 infection, lymphocyte migration to the intestine may be promoted by increased MAdCAM-1 expression. After HAART, opportunistic intestinal pathogens maintain elevated MAdCAM-1 expression, which results in prominent increases in LP CD4 T cell densities in the absence of HIV-mediated CD4 T cell destruction.
 ...
PMID:Elevated mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is maintained during antiretroviral therapy by intestinal pathogens and coincides with increased duodenal CD4 T cell densities. 1193 Mar 13

Delayed puberty can be defined as the lack of pubertal development at an age of 2 SD above the mean, which corresponds to an age of approximately 14 years for males and 13 years for females, taking both sex and ethnic origin into consideration. Its incidence associated with chronic illnesses is unknown; however, its clinical importance is relevant due to the larger percentage of patients with chronic disorders surviving until the age of puberty. Virtually every child with any chronic disease could present with delayed puberty (due to recurrent infections, immunodeficiency, gastrointestinal disease, renal disturbances, respiratory illnesses, chronic anaemia, endocrine disease, eating disorders, exercise and a number of miscellaneous abnormalities). Pubertal delay associated with chronic illness is accompanied by a delay in growth and the pubertal growth spurt. The degree to which growth and pubertal development are affected in chronic illness depends upon the type of disease and individual factors, as well as on the age at illness onset, its duration and severity. The earlier its onset and the longer and more severe the illness, the greater the repercussions on growth and pubertal development. The mechanism that trigger the start of physiological puberty remain unknown. Although malnutrition is probably the most important mechanism responsible for delayed puberty, emotional deprivation, toxic substances, stress and the side effects of chronic therapy, among others, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of delayed puberty. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential and appropriate and specific therapy fundamental.
 ...
PMID:Delayed puberty in chronic illness. 1198

Selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency is the most common primary immunodeficiency in humans and may be associated with chronic gastrointestinal disease. This observation has led to the suggestion that the high susceptibility of German shepherd dogs (GSD) to chronic enteropathies is related to a deficiency in mucosal IgA production. Relative deficiencies of IgA has been reported in the serum, saliva, tears, and feces of GSD both with and without alimentary disease; however, the findings of different studies are not consistent. The aim of this study was to confirm whether a relative deficiency of IgA exists in the feces of GSD. Feces were collected from healthy GSD (n = 209), Labrador retrievers (n = 96), beagles (n = 19), and miniature schnauzers (n = 32). Fecal IgA, IgM, and IgG were measured by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Fecal IgG concentrations in the four breed groups were not significantly different. IgA concentrations were significantly greater in miniature schnauzers than in GSD (P = 0.0003) and Labradors (P = 0.0004) but not significantly different from those in beagles. IgM concentrations were significantly greater in miniature schnauzers than in GSD (P < 0.0001), Labradors (P < 0.0001), and beagles (P = 0.0098). These findings do not support the hypothesis that GSD have a relative deficiency in fecal IgA. The differences in immunoglobulin concentrations measured from a single defecation, between individuals of the same breed and between breeds, as well as the lack of an internal control molecule, make the determination of a normal reference range for all dogs impossible. Therefore, the usefulness of fecal immunoglobulin quantification for the assessment of intestinal immunoglobulin secretion in dogs is limited.
 ...
PMID:Measurement of immunoglobulin concentrations in the feces of healthy dogs. 1535 41

Cyclospora spp. is a protozoan parasite responsible for significant gastrointestinal disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. We report the clinical features of two patients with chronic diarrhea and intestinal cyclosporosis caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis. The average value for CD4 count in these patients was lower than or equal to 100 cells/mm3. The oocysts were detected in smears from stool samples stained with modified acid-fast or safranin technique. Light microscopy revealed parasites in the enterocytes and these parasites were associated with villous atrophy. Cyclospora cayetanensis infection might be an important cause of diarrhea in patients with AIDS in Argentina.
 ...
PMID:[Cyclospora cayetanensis in patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhea]. 1574 28

Viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. Perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. For example, canine parvovirus (CPV) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and has recently been implicated as a possible cause of feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Molecular scrutiny of viral diseases sometimes permits deeper understanding of pathogenesis and epizootiology. Feline gastrointestinal lymphomas have not, in the past, been strongly associated with retroviral infections, yet some of these tumours harbour retroviral proviruses. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) may play a role in lymphomagenesis, even in cats diagnosed as uninfected using conventional criteria. There is strong evidence that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also be oncogenic. The variant feline coronaviruses that cause invariably-fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) arise by sporadic mutation of an ubiquitous and only mildly pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); a finding that has substantial management implications for cat breeders and veterinarians. Conversely, canine enteric coronavirus (CECV) shows considerable genetic and antigenic diversity but causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhoea in puppies. Routine vaccination against this virus is not recommended. Although parvoviruses, coronaviruses and retroviruses are the most important known viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease, other viruses play a role. Feline and canine rotaviruses have combined with human rotaviruses to produce new, reassortant, zoonotic viruses. Some companion animal rotaviruses can infect humans directly. Undoubtedly, further viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease await discovery.
 ...
PMID:An update on aspects of viral gastrointestinal diseases of dogs and cats. 1603 39


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>