Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data on drug abusers collected at the Pharmacodependence centre of the Moselle (IPM) from 1990 to 1992 was used to establish the prevalences of hepatitic B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the clinicobiological type of the subjects infected with the HBV. Transaminase levels in HCV positive subjects was measured and a correlation was looked for between the serology status and age and duration of drug abuse. The prevalence for seropositivity for HBV and HCV was higher than for HIV, and the prevalence of HCV was higher than that of HBV (in 1992: HIV+ = 8.2%, HBV+ = 46.7%, HCV+ = 71.2%; n = 184). Less than one third of the study population was totally seronegative. It thus appeared that preventive measures against HIV have not been effective against HBV or HCV, especially that drug abusers know little about these viruses. HBV and HCV prevalences should be evaluated separately. The risk of chronic HBV infection was low (estimated at 10%) and contamination in drug abuses came later than for HCV. Seroprevalence of HBV was 46.7% in 1992 in the study population. The risk of chronic HCV infection was 50% and contamination came earlier than for HBV. Seroprevalence of HCV was 71.2% in 1992 in the study population. In the same population, the seroprevalence of HIV was 8.2%. For these drug abusers, the risk of HCV contamination was comparable with that of HIV infection. The main efforts for prevention and care in drug abusers should be concentrated on HIV then on HCV.
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PMID:[Incidence of serological markers of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV in a population of drug abusers hospitalized from 1990 to 1992]. 819 86

Sharing (i.e., multiperson use) of drug-injection equipment among injecting-drug users (IDUs) is a major risk factor in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other bloodborne pathogens. Abstaining from injection of drugs eliminates this risk; disinfection of needles and syringes with household bleach can reduce this risk. Because studies suggest the effectiveness of bleach disinfection may be limited, the March 1993 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Community Alert Bulletin included recommendations that IDUs who do not stop injecting and sharing injection equipment use full-strength household bleach and keep the bleach in contact with the equipment for at least 30 seconds (1). To determine whether these new recommendations had been disseminated effectively to IDUs, the knowledge of bleach use for disinfection of drug-injection equipment among IDUs participating in a NIDA-sponsored New York City cohort study was assessed during August-December 1993. This report presents data about knowledge of bleach use for disinfection among persons who reported injecting drugs at least once during the 3-6 months preceding the interview.
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PMID:Knowledge and practices among injecting-drug users of bleach use for equipment disinfection--New York City, 1993. 820 77

The Multnomah County (OR) Health Department received a National Institute on Drug Abuse grant to develop effective interventions and education to reduce the spread among injecting drug users of the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. One year into the project, new approaches were developed to locate the drug users for followup interviews. County data bases were accessed and arrangements were made to conduct interviews in jails and prisons. Similar techniques were employed to locate tuberculosis patients with positive results.
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PMID:Public health department tracking of high-risk drug users. 821 Feb 63

To determine whether the excess prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in US black and Hispanic homosexual men relative to white men can be explained by differences in sociodemographic factors, history of sexually transmitted diseases, or sexual and drug-use behaviors, the authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline HIV-1 seroprevalence and HIV-1 risk factors among 4,475 non-Hispanic white, 234 Hispanic white, and 194 black homosexual men from four centers in the United States (Baltimore/Washington, DC, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Los Angeles). HIV-1 seroprevalence was significantly higher in Hispanic men (50%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41-2.39) and black men (47%; OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.21-2.16) compared with white men (35%). Both Hispanic and black men more frequently reported a history of sexually transmitted diseases. Overall, Hispanics had the highest risk profile and blacks the lowest risk profile with respect to certain high-risk sexual behaviors (e.g., receptive anal intercourse and use of anonymous sexual partners) and recreational drug use. After multivariate adjustment, black race remained a significant independent risk factor for HIV-1 seropositivity (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.13-2.26), but Hispanic ethnicity was no longer statistically significant (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.82-1.69). Most of the excess HIV-1 prevalent infection among Hispanics was explained by their predominant recruitment from Los Angeles--the study center with the highest HIV-1 seroprevalence--and their greater prevalence of a history of sexually transmitted diseases and certain high-risk sexual practices. By contrast, adjustment for these same risk behaviors failed to explain the observed black-white differences in HIV-1 seroprevalence, and further studies are needed to elucidate the reasons for these unexplained racial differences. HIV-1 educational programs for homosexual men should take into account the behavioral differences that exist between white and minority racial/ethnic groups.
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PMID:Racial and ethnic differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence among homosexual and bisexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. 821 47

We undertook a survey to document the extent to which public health powers have been used to warn or restrict individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) whose behavior poses a risk of transmission to others. In the period from 1981 through 1990, 24 state health departments either had no mechanism for receiving reports about individuals whose behavior posed a risk of HIV transmission or took no action if they had received such reports. In states that had developed programs for dealing with such individuals, the most common response was the use of cease and desist orders. As of 1992, 10 instances of quarantine had been reported, almost all of which involved relatively brief periods of isolation. Whatever justification exists for using public health authority to confront individuals whose behavior poses a risk of HIV transmission to others, it is clear that the central focus of HIV prevention efforts must remain education, counseling, voluntary testing and partner notification, drug abuse treatment, and needle exchange programs.
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PMID:AIDS and the limits of control: public health orders, quarantine, and recalcitrant behavior. 821 44

A 4-year retrospective review of 59 consecutive upper extremity abscesses associated with drug abuse by injection is reported. There were 57 patients, with the most common location being the forearm. All abscesses were treated with incision, drainage, and intravenous antibiotics. Seventeen patients required more than one debridement; nine were complicated by fasciitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or septic tenosynovitis. Thirty-one patients had human immunodeficiency virus testing, and nine results were positive. Bacteriology showed the most common organisms to be streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Eikenella corrodens. Nineteen percent of the abscesses had anaerobes cultured. Most of the organisms cultured were common oral or skin flora.
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PMID:Abscesses of the upper extremity from drug abuse by injection. 822 60

A 25-year-old-healthy man, with previous history of parenteral drug abuse, developed a left homonymous hemianopsia. Computed tomographic scanning showed a single ring enhancing lesion in the right parieto-occipital area. After the demonstration of seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus and high serum immunoglobulin G antibody titer against Toxoplasma gondii, a diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in an AIDS patient was made. An isolated visual field defect revealing cerebral toxoplasmosis may be the first presentation of AIDS. Opportunistic cerebral lesions should be always considered in subjects at risk for AIDS who present focal neurological signs.
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PMID:Isolated homonymous lateral hemianopsia revealing central nervous system toxoplasmosis as the initial manifestation of AIDS. 825 69

In Switzerland, an estimated 15-25% of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It has been suggested that reduction of HIV-transmission-prone behavior could be achieved in so-called "early intervention programs". Few public prevention programs have so far been targeted to HIV-infected IVDUs. Socially marginalized, jobless, street-based, HIV-infected IVDUs are those hardest to reach for education programs: it was the hypothesis that they can be motivated for HIV-prevention efforts by methadone-based comprehensive social and medical care. The program was established by integrating one additional social worker in an outpatient clinic for infectious diseases in St. Gallen, a city with a population of 70,000 inhabitants in eastern Switzerland. Access to the 29 clients of this study (10 women, 19 men) was facilitated by offering methadone treatment (follow-up 5 to 29 months). Abstinence from additional illegal drugs was not required. Methadone, plus social care and medical treatment was provided by a small team consisting of a social worker, a physician and a nurse. A gradual approach was chosen to establish a working relationship with clients. The first attempt was to satisfy basic medical needs, housing, and financial support as well as to strengthen relevant personal relationships. Once trusting cooperation was established, reduction of transmission-prone behavior was targeted. The results show that social performance can be greatly improved by integrated social, psychological and medical assistance: for the 16 initially homeless housing was found, 14 found a job and for all but 2 basic financial support was eventually guaranteed. Self-reported drug abuse was markedly reduced, as was transmission-prone behavior by prostitution, unsafe sex practices, needle sharing and improper disposal of used syringes. Breaking the isolation of socially marginalized IVDUs seems to be the important move to enhance their social responsibility as carriers of HIV.
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PMID:[HIV prevention in HIV-positive drug addicts. A methadone-supported model]. 827 3

Intraamniotic infection is a common (2-4%) event in labor. The predictors of IAI include preterm labor or rupture of membranes, abnormal vaginal flora (e.g., GBS, sexually transmitted disease, bacterial vaginosis), obstetric manipulations (e.g., vaginal exams, internal fetal monitoring) in the presence of ruptured membranes, and diminished host response (due to smoking, drug abuse, obesity, immunodeficiency states, etc.). Group B Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae are the most important organisms associated with the polymicrobial infection. Anaerobes predict post-cesarean section complications. Neonatal pneumonia (2-5%) and early neonatal sepsis (1-4%) are the outcomes of the greatest concern and are caused by group B streptococcal or aerobic gram-negative rod infections. These outcomes are kept to a minimum if maternal antibiotic chemotherapy is started interpartum with agents that are safe, cross the placenta, and are active against GBS and Escherichia coli (e.g., ampicillin plus gentamicin). Anaerobic coverage should be added (clindamycin) if a cesarean section is performed. Antipyretics such as acetaminophen will reduce the hyperthermic stress on the fetus, and persistent fetal tachycardia after antipyretics may indicate fetal infection. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring is appropriate in cases of IAI, and providers should be prepared for neonatal resuscitation, early neonatal intravenous antibiotics, and respiratory support at delivery.
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PMID:Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection. 829 82

Opium has been produced and consumed since the nineteenth century in the areas of Asia currently referred to as the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. In the 1970s and 1980s, most countries from Afghanistan to Japan experienced a heroin epidemic of varying degrees of severity. Opium and heroin abuse appeared to be more severe in countries and areas where those drugs were produced, an exception being Hong Kong, which has had a large population of heroin abusers for more than two decades. Drug injecting was far more common in countries of the Golden Triangle than in those of the Golden Crescent. In Myanmar and Thailand, for example, up to 90 per cent of chronic heroin abusers practised intravenous injection, which appeared to spread to heroin abusers in nearby territories such as the State of Manipur in India. Yunnan province in China, as well as Malaysia and Viet Nam. Amphetamine abuse was more frequent in Japan and the Republic of Korea for a number of years, while illicit production and consumption in the Philippines have recently shown significant increases. The injection of amphetamines was common only in the Republic of Korea. The prevalence of injecting among institutionalized methamphetamine abusers was reported at about 90 per cent. Most countries in Asia first reported cases of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the mid-1980s. An extremely rapid spead of the epidemic and high prevalence, at rates of from 30 to 90 per cent, of HIV infection among the sample of intravenous heroin abusers were observed in a few countries with a high prevalence of intravenous injecting, such as India (in the State of Manipur), Myanmar and Thailand. The rest had either few reported cases or none at all, even though needle-sharing was found to be common. Great caution should be exercised in interpreting prevalence because of vast differences in methods of assessment. Given the vulnerability of intravenous drug abusers to rapid transmission of HIV infection, the prevention of drug injecting is of paramount importance in arresting the spread of the epidemic. Efforts to contain drug abuse, though difficult, are a principal means of achieving that end.
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PMID:Drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in Asia. 830 8


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