Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The association of increased severity of infectious diseases and recreational drug abuse can be traced to the last century with the finding that alcoholics often suffered more severely from bacterial pneumonia than nonalcoholics. More recently there have been numerous associations with use of opiate and other psychogenic drugs and increased incidence and severity of a variety of infectious diseases including the human immunodeficiency virus and development of AIDS. In fact, the AIDS epidemic has heightened awareness of the importance of abused drugs as cofactors in disease precipitation and severity. Evidence is examined for the role of opiates, marijuana, and alcohol as substances that promote infectious diseases.
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PMID:Drugs of abuse and infectious diseases. 796 76

Since 1985, many drug abuse treatment centers and health care providers have implemented special education programs for individuals who inject drugs. They focus primarily on increasing awareness of the threat of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being spread through drug injection equipment and by sexual activities. As part of the Drug Abuse Treatment for AIDS-Risk Reduction (DATAR) project, the AIDS/HIV Risk Reduction Module was designed to meet these special intervention needs. This study examined program impact on 110 methadone treatment clients. Results indicated that for those in treatment less than 4 months, the AIDS intervention program enhanced specialized knowledge about AIDS, aided in the reduction of AIDS-risky behaviors, and enhanced attitudes toward achieving and maintaining abstinence from drug use. Thus, AIDS education and intervention programs appear to be effective and should be emphasized in the early phase of drug abuse treatment.
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PMID:Assessment of an AIDS intervention program during drug abuse treatment. 796 7

Benign lymphoepithelial cysts (BLC) are rare disorders of salivary glands (0.6%). In patients infected by HIV, they are seen more often. In comparison to sporadic BLC, the patients are younger, the diameter of the cysts is up to 5 cm and they are often located bilaterally. At the Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, ten HIV-infected patients (two females) showed lymphoepithelial cysts (six times bilaterally). One of these revealed a metastasis of a small cell neoplasma near the cysts, another patient showed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low grade malignancy (MALT-type), and one patient additionally had bilateral Warthin's tumours. The BLCs were mostly located in the parotid tail. In three cases, the cysts were found on the inferior border of the parotid and once at the submandibular gland. The age ranged from 27 to 71 years (medium 45.7 years). The mode of HIV infection was homosexuality five times, drug abuse twice, heterosexuality once, and blood products once. In two cases, the channel of transmission was unknown. The majority of the patients showed minor HIV illness (CDC II [n = 2]/CDC III [n = 4]); the rest had advanced immunodeficiency (CDC IV [n = 4]). All the cysts were examined by ultrasonography and NMR. According to the clinical findings and the general stage of health, BLCs were either enucleated (n = 8) or a superficial parotidectomy (n = 5) and selective biopsy of lymph nodes (n = 3) suspected to be malignant were performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Cystic lymphoepithelial lesions in the head and neck area in HIV-infected patients]. 801 Oct 27

The case of a renal transplant recipient with a known history of iv drug abuse but unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status who presents after having a stable renal allograft function for 4 yr, with acute/subacute advanced renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension, as well as clinical and histologic findings of thrombotic microangiopathy, is reported. He was subsequently found to have a positive serology for HIV-1 with a low CD4 count but no clinical manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. He was treated conservatively with zidovudine (AZT). The patient never regained graft function and was ultimately discharged from the hospital on maintenance dialytic therapy. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of thrombotic microangiopathy in an HIV-1-infected patient presenting late in the course as acute/subacute renal allograft failure.
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PMID:Late renal allograft failure secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy-human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy. 801 72

Until recently, the abuse of intravenous drugs was perceived as a problem of the United States, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was seen mainly as a sexually transmitted disease that tended to affect homosexuals from industrialized nations. However, these perceptions are no longer valid. At present, the abuse of intravenous drugs constitutes the second most common cause of AIDS in the United States and in Europe. This trend has led to a review of the current strategies in the fight against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We analyzed the current epidemiologic trends regarding infection with HIV; we examined the behavioral manifestations of intravenous drug users, particularly from a sexual point of view; and finally, we reviewed the most relevant governmental public policy positions related to drug abuse, specially that focusing on "damage control."
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and the substance abuser: public policy considerations. 802 70

In the French prospective cohort study we compared the mother-infant transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2). As of January 1, 1994, 86 infants born to 68 HIV-2-seropositive mothers have been included in the cohort. Forty-one children had been followed up for more than 18 months at the time of analysis. During the same period 1758 infants born to 1589 HIV-1-infected mothers were included; 419 mothers were of African origin. One thousand one hundred fifteen children had a follow-up of 18 months or more; 260 of these were of African origin. The HIV-2 transmission rate, based on serologic status at 18 months, was 0% (95% confidence interval, 0 to 11%). This was significantly lower than the HIV-1 transmission rate of 21% (confidence interval, 16 to 26%) in infants born to African mothers. The difference remained significant when the comparison was extended to HIV-1-positive women of French origin infected by the sexual route or by iv drug abuse. Most of the HIV-2-infected women were from West Africa; they were older and had more children than the HIV-1-infected women. The circulating CD4+ lymphocyte count was significantly higher in these women than in the HIV-1-infected mothers. Reported differences in the replication of the two viruses probably account for the lower mother-infant transmission rate of HIV-2.
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PMID:Comparison of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the French prospective cohort. The HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative Study Group. 807 37

Psychiatric patients were reported to have high risks of contracting HIV infection due to unstable mental symptoms and comorbidity of drug abuse. The author surveyed the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among Chinese psychiatric patients hospitalized in 2 psychiatric hospitals in the Taipei City area, Taiwan. No positive case was identified among 834 psychiatric patients in 1 year's survey. The low seropositive rate of HIV infection among Chinese psychiatric patients may be explained by: the low prevalence of HIV infection in Taiwan and low HIV-related risk behaviors, especially rare comorbidity of drug abuse among Chinese psychiatric patients.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among Chinese psychiatric patients in Taiwan. 808 77

A study was performed on 51 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1)-infected patients with a previous history of drug abuse. By the CDC staging system for HIV infection they were mainly in advanced stages of that infection, 67% were in IV-A and 8% in IV-C1. Patients were divided in two groups, one composed of 33 individuals who needed AZT therapy and the other of those who did not need that medication (18 patients). Between 3 and 18 months several parameters were assessed on 3 different occasions, according to standard techniques: red blood cells and platelet numeration, CD4 and CD8 cell counts, HIV antigen (p24 Ag), beta 2-microglobulin, high density serum lipoproteins (HDL), and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA). In the patients treated with AZT the first bioserologic evaluation was performed before starting this therapy. Finally it was observed that p24 AG and ACA were present in 21% of the patients, all of them in advanced stages of HIV infection and under AZT therapy. A significant correlation was only found between CD4 counts and beta 2-microglobulin (R = 0.34; P = 0.0001).
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PMID:[Comparative study of various biological markers in HIV 1 infection]. 809 51

The outcomes of counseling and testing programs related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk of infection among injection drug users (IDUs) are not well known or understood. A counseling and testing outcome of potential public health importance is attaining admission to drug abuse treatment by those IDUs who are either infected or who are at high risk of becoming infected. The authors investigated factors related to admission to drug abuse treatment among 519 IDUs who received HIV counseling and testing from September 1987 through December 1990 at a men's prison and at community-based testing sites in Worcester, MA. By June 1991, 123 of the 519 IDUs (24 percent) had been admitted to treatment. Variables associated with their admission included a long history of drug injection, frequent recent drug injection, cleaning injection equipment using bleach, prior drug treatment, and a positive HIV test result. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for effects of recruitment site, year, sex, and area of residence, generally confirmed the associations. IDUs in the study population who were HIV-infected sought treatment or were admitted to treatment more frequently than those who were not infected. The results indicate that access to drug abuse treatment should be facilitated for high-risk IDUs and for those who have begun to inject drugs recently.
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PMID:Admissions of injection drug users to drug abuse treatment following HIV counseling and testing. 815 72

Tuberculosis (TB) is a rapidly growing problem among injecting drug users (IDU), especially those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The authors review IDUs' responses to current TB control strategies and discuss the implications of their findings for the proposed implementation of directly observed therapy (DOT), a method for ensuring that patients take prescribed medication. Field workers carried out 210 ethnographic interviews with 68 IDUs in a Brooklyn, NY, community during 1990-93. Case studies suggested that many IDUs are uninformed about TB and often misinformed about their personal TB status. Ethnographic interviews and observations indicated that the threat of TB-related involuntary detainment may lead IDUs to avoid TB diagnostic procedures, treatment for TB, or drug abuse treatment, and to avoid AIDS outreach workers and other health-related services. IDUs who tested positive for the purified protein derivative (PPD) of TB sometimes have left hospitals before definitive diagnoses were made, because of a perceived lack of respectful treatment, fear of detention, or lack of adequate methadone therapy to relieve the symptoms of withdrawal from drugs. Current TB diagnosis and treatment systems are, at best, inadequate. The threat of TB-related detention discourages some IDUs from seeking any type of health care. There is an urgent need to educate IDUs about TB and to educate and sensitize health care providers about the lifestyles of IDUs. DOT may help in servicing this difficult-to-serve population, particularly if techniques are incorporated that have been developed for other successful public health interventions for IDUs.
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PMID:Implications of directly observed therapy in tuberculosis control measures among IDUs. 819 Aug 55


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