Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report here on brain associated autoimmune features in opiate-dependent subjects. This study includes 107 (37 HIV + and 70 HIV -) hospitalized heroin-addicted subjects on a methadone maintenance program, and 45 healthy individuals. Human brain S100 protein, neuron specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBF), and old tuberculin (OT) were used as antigens in the study. Serum autoantibodies to brain antigens S100, NSE and MBP were detected by ELISA, whereas delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions were evaluated after intradermal injection of S100, NSE, MBP and OT (control brain-irrelevant antigen). In drug-dependent subjects, 68.2% produced anti-S100, 56.1% anti-NSE and 20.5% anti-MBP autoantibodies, while the incidence of autoantibodies in control healthy individuals was 4.4%, 2.2% and 0%, respectively. Occurrence and amount of anti-S100 and anti-NSE autoantibodies were much higher in HIV + than in HIV - heroin-abusing adults. In drug abusers, the incidence of positive delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions were as follows: 67.2% to S100, 51.4% to NSE, 14.9% to MBP, and 94.3% to OT. In control subjects, the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions to brain antigens was insignificant. Cutaneous reactions were more frequent in HIV - addicts. The incidence of both autoantibodies and delayed skin responses was positively related to the duration of drug abuse, worsening of HIV infection, and dementia. The high incidence of autoantibodies and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to S100 and NSE human brain antigens in heroin-abusers indicates that heroin dependence, as well as HIV infection, are associated with a hyperergy towards brain-related autoimmune phenomena. It has been suggested that the brain-associated autoimmune phenomena in HIV + heroin-addicts represent a hyperimmune phase which precedes immunodeficiency that occurs in the further development of HIV infection.
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PMID:Brain-associated autoimmune features in heroin addicts: correlation to HIV infection and dementia. 193 73

The National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse evaluates community-based outreach and prevention efforts targeted to injecting-drug users (IDUs) and their sex partners. These sex partners who are not IDUs are at substantial risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly if they engage in sexual intercourse without using condoms. In 1990, 1531 of the 42,557 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases reported to CDC occurred among sex partners of IDUs, an increase of nearly 32% from 1989 (1). This report summarizes data from the NADR Program characterizing persons who self-reported never having injected drugs themselves but having had sex with a partner who was an IDU.
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PMID:Drug use and sexual behaviors among sex partners of injecting-drug users--United States, 1988-1990. 196 Nov 78

Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) and to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) were investigated by ELISA, Western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) assay in 318 sera (191 males and 127 females) obtained from syphilitic patients. The sera from 10% of the males and 3.1% of the females were positive for HIV-1. None of the sera contained antibodies to HIV-2. Antibodies to HTLV-1-2 were present in the sera of 7.1% of the males and 4.8% of the females who were seronegative for HIV. Five out of 24 (20.8%) HIV-1 positive subjects had antibodies to HTLV-1-2 as well. Sera from another group of 58 syphilitic patients (38 males and 20 females in the Anti-Venereal Disease Department), seronegative for HIV-1 and HIV-2, who denied both i.v. drug abuse and blood transfusion, were investigated in the same manner. None of the males had antibodies to HTLV-1-2, while 2 females (10%) were positive.
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PMID:Antibodies to HTLV-1-2, HIV-1 and HIV-2 in syphilitic patients. 197 26

In a sample of 55 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive pregnant patients, a history of drug abuse was significantly associated with increased psychopathology, particularly depression and personality disorders. Psychiatric disorders preceded the HIV diagnosis in most of the patients studied. Intravenous drug abuse was also associated with increased prostitution, incarceration, and previous suicide attempts. Psychiatric findings were influenced much less by the HIV diagnosis and much more by the presence or absence of a history of drug abuse.
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PMID:Drug abuse and psychiatric findings in HIV-seropositive pregnant patients. 199 19

AIDS in adolescents (0.4% of all cases) is a problem of increasing importance in the United States. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exists in high schools and on university campuses, and it presents a real and immediate threat to teenaged Americans who engage in drug abuse and sexual activity. Appropriately targeted educational efforts are needed to limit HIV transmission among adolescents. Most adolescents are aware of the high-risk activities that may lead to HIV transmission. However, only about one third alter their sexual behavior to avoid AIDS. It is important to move beyond imparting knowledge about AIDS transmission and to move toward changing risky behavior. Strategies for AIDS risk reduction in adolescents should be implemented now across the country. Appropriate support and intervention are urgently needed for adolescents at high risk.
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PMID:AIDS and adolescents. How can you help them reduce their risk? 199 57

During 1987-1989, 14 (14.6%) of the 96 children who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and were followed up by the Duke University (Durham, NC) pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome team were confirmed to have been sexually abused. Every sexually abused child was evaluated for each of five modes of HIV transmission, and in nine children the pathway was identified. Four of the study children acquired HIV from child sexual abuse and in six, abuse was a possible source. Transmission by child sexual abuse was the most frequent of the proven modes of acquisition of HIV in this population. The other proven modes of acquisition were vertical transmission (n = 3) and HIV-contaminated blood transfusion (n = 2). Twelve males were identified (n = 8) or suspected (n = 4) of being perpetrators. Three knew themselves to have HIV at the time of an assault and eight were aware that the child had HIV at the time of an assault. There was no indication from any child that "safe sex" precautions had been observed. Children with HIV infection had multiple risk factors for abuse or neglect. The sociological descriptors of the lives of the 14 abused children showed multiple known risk factors for sexual abuse that also overlapped with known risk factors for or sequelae of the acquisition of HIV infection. These included drug abuse and alcoholism in the home, prostitution of a parent, lack of parenting, poverty, and chronic illness of the child. Prevention efforts should recognize that children as well as adults are at risk for sexually transmitted HIV infection.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus transmission by child sexual abuse. 185 16

Sharing of equipment used to inject illicit drugs intravenously is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Systematic surveillance of HIV infection among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the United States is essential to monitor the HIV epidemic and to target and evaluate prevention programs for IVDUs and their partners. The most accessible segment of the largely covert population of IVDUs are those in drug treatment programs. In collaboration with State and local health departments and drug abuse treatment agencies, the Centers for Disease Control is conducting blinded (serologic test results not linked to identifiable persons) and nonblinded (in which clients voluntarily agree to participate) surveys of IVDUs entering drug treatment in 39 U.S. metropolitan areas. The same protocol is used in all participating drug treatment centers. Blinded surveys will be carried out annually to determine HIV seroprevalence rates in eligible IVDUs entering drug treatment and to monitor trends over time. Each year, nonblinded surveys of IVDUs entering drug treatment will assess self-reported drug use and sexual behaviors to help design educational interventions and to detect changes in behavior over time. This sentinel surveillance system, using a standardized methodology, will provide the best national and regional data available on the seroprevalence of HIV among IVDUs and the relationships of drug use, sexual behaviors, and HIV serologic status of IVDUs.
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PMID:HIV seroprevalence surveys in drug treatment centers. 210 56

Surveillance systems indicate that the most documented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases among children and women of childbearing age in the United States occur among black and Hispanic populations. Intravenous-drug use (IVDU) is the presumptive origin of HIV infection for most of these cases, through direct IVDU, sexual contact with an intravenous (IV)-drug user, or birth to women with either mode of exposure. These data confirm the need for HIV-prevention programs directed to the racial, ethnic, age, and reproductive concerns of black and Hispanic women of childbearing age and their children. Services should be available for those who are HIV infected, as well as for those who are not infected with HIV, to prevent the further spread of HIV. Services for prevention and treatment of drug abuse are an integral part of HIV prevention and treatment for these groups.
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PMID:Surveillance for AIDS and HIV infection among black and Hispanic children and women of childbearing age, 1981-1989. 211 8

Serum specimens from 111 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected and 183 HIV-1 seronegative patients were analysed for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. Anti-HCV and anti-HBV antibodies were found in the vast majority (89 and 83%, respectively) of intravenous drug addicts (IVDA), independent of the type of drug abuse or whether the patients were HIV-1 infected or not. Anti-HAV antibodies were found in 60% of the IVDA. Anti-HCV antibodies were found in anti-HIV-1 positive homosexual men (14%) and anti-HIV-1 negative heterosexual persons (8%), but not in HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men. Also anti-HAV antibodies were found to a small extent in these groups. In contrast, anti-HBV antibodies were common in the homosexual men. The absorbance values of the positive reactions in the anti-HCV ELISA were lower for HIV-1 seropositive patients than those for HIV-1 seronegative subjects, particularly in the late stages of HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that HCV infection is transmitted as readily as HBV infection by intravenous drug abuse and that all three types of hepatitis virus infection are common in IVDA. Although transmission of HCV is primarily mediated by blood, sexual transmission may also occur. HIV-1 infection seems to be associated with unusually low levels of anti-HCV antibodies, especially in the late stages of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in individuals with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 212 86

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, can be associated with central nervous system as well as immune system disease. Advanced AIDS can be complicated by a dementia. Short of frank dementia, many AIDS patients manifest neuropsychological (NP) impairment including disturbance in speeded information processing, abstraction, learning, and recall. Data conflict on whether medically asymptomatic HIV-1 carriers have subtle NP deficits. Variations in tests chosen, criterion specification, and sample selection may all be contributing to disparate results. Longitudinal research is needed, and this should examine representative samples of HIV-1 seropositive individuals for whom approximate date of seroconversion is known and in whom sources of comorbidity (e.g., drug abuse, concurrent infections, CNS injuries) can be specified.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) and the brain. 218 Oct 1


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