Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Time trends in needle sharing and bleach use were examined among needle users enrolled at drug abuse treatment and nontreatment sites in greater Worcester, MA, from 1987 through 1989. Substantial declines in high-risk behavior were found, with different trends at drug treatment versus nontreatment sites. The percentage of individuals sharing needles declined at treatment facilities but not at nontreatment sites. Among those sharing, the proportion using bleach increased at both drug treatment and nontreatment sites. The bleach distribution program in Worcester appears to be associated with increased bleach use among residents. Bleach use was associated with residence in Worcester, after controlling for age, gender, race, enrollment site, time period, and frequency of sharing. Risk reduction in the subpopulation of needle users entering treatment was greater than that among those not in treatment. As avoidance of sharing is likely to be more effective than bleaching for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, the subpopulation not in treatment should be targeted for prevention programs.
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PMID:Time trends in high-risk injection practices in a multi-site study in Massachusetts: effects of enrollment site and residence. 132 86

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm with an increased incidence among Jews and Italians of Europe and North America and Negroes of equatory Africa. In recent years, several cases have been diagnosed in AIDS patients and in patients who have undergone organ transplantation or received immunosuppressant treatments. We have diagnosed five cases of KS over a 3-year period in our department. They include four men and one women, aged from 58 to 79 years, and who were born and had lived in Tainan. They all denied a history of homosexuality, multiple sexual partners, or drug abuse. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) screening test were negative. Two patients had taken 'black pills' (usually containing steroids) for a long period of time and also had generalized dermatophytosis. One of these two patients had a cytomegalovirus infection and died of Salmonella septicemia and upper GI bleeding. Although the English literature seems to indicate that KS is rare among Asians. Our present experience coupled with two other recently reported cases from Taiwan and the unpublished observations of some other dermatologists suggest that KS is not all that rare in Taiwan.
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PMID:[Kaposi's sarcoma in Tainan: report of five cases]. 135 63

Behaviors that increase the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among adolescents living in rural areas have been reported to be as frequent as those of lower socioeconomic minority youth living in large urban areas. Little is known, however, about whether rural adolescents possess adequate knowledge upon which to make responsible decisions to avoid exposure to HIV. In order to address this deficit, we administered the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 1989 Secondary School Health Risk Survey to 294 sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students (30.2% sample) from a rural county with significant social problems including epidemic sexually transmitted diseases STDs, sex-for-drugs, poverty, and drug abuse. The sample was 65% African-American, 50% female, with a mean age of 12.9 +/- 1.3 years. Although 68% reported having received school-based AIDS education, a lower proportion (greater than or equal to 10%) the students were found to correctly answer 8 of 17 AIDS/HIV knowledge questions than those from a national comparison group. The mean was 12.8 +/- 3.1 of 17 items answered correct. Lower AIDS/HIV knowledge was associated with lower school grade (rho = 0.46, p less than or equal to 0.0001); being African-American, Hispanic, or Native American (p less than or equal to 0.043); and never receiving school-based AIDS/HIV education (p less than or equal to 0.0001). Based on multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), only school-based AIDS/HIV education was a significant predictor (p less than or equal to 0.0001) of knowledge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:AIDS/HIV knowledge level and perceived chance of having HIV among rural adolescents. 139 Aug 17

Responsibility for many of the problems of intravenous drug abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lies with community care agencies, such as general practitioners, community psychiatric and district nurses and drug agencies. It is in general practice that this burden is most clearly observed, given that general practitioners are in charge of the day-to-day care of patients. In an attempt to quantify this workload in an inner city practice with 11,200 patients, data were gathered from several sources relating to drug use and HIV infection. The study identified 432 patients who had consulted with problems of drug abuse and/or HIV infection over the period 1981-90. Among this group of patients 161 (37%) were HIV antibody positive. Among 191 drug abusers who were still registered with the practice in 1990 dihydrocodeine was the most commonly prescribed substitute treatment (130 patients) and only nine patients were prescribed methadone. Forty seven per cent of drug users continued to inject drugs occasionally. However, analysis of urine samples revealed that there was a shift away from injecting mainly heroin to multiple drug use, including benzodiazepines, usually originating from prescribed sources. Drug abusers who were HIV positive consulted their general practitioner significantly more often over one year than those who were not (mean 24.9 versus 15.8 consultations, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of days spent in hospital. A total of 61 patients were referred to a community psychiatric nurse over an eight month period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Problems of drug abuse, HIV and AIDS: the burden of care in one general practice. 129 50

Over one quarter of the risk of death due to the sudden infant death syndrome (cot death) is attributable to maternal smoking. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and infancy is one of the most important avoidable risk factors for infant death. Nicotine is a drug of addiction. Many young smokers are addicted to nicotine and develop withdrawal symptoms on stopping. Smoking is an important marker for other types of drug abuse, e.g. alcohol, cannabis and cocaine. The earlier children start smoking, the greater the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. Smoking affects immunity and has been associated with an increased risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.
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PMID:Smoking and the young. 146 39

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence was studied in an unselected group of 216 female and transsexual prostitutes. Subjects were asked about age, biological sex, marital status, children, length of occupation, sexual practices, and drug abuse history. Blood was drawn on site. All 128 females who did not admit to drug abuse were seronegative; 2 of the 52 females (3.8%) who admitted to intravenous drug abuse were seropositive. In contrast, 11.1% of the 36 male transsexuals (including 3 out of 32 non-drug abusers) were seropositive. The results support the notion that vaginal transmission of HIV is less effective than anal transmission.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. 154 82

This paper reviews issues related to the measurement of drug use and other behaviors in studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in intravenous drug users. These issues include: (1) choice of variables, (2) study design, (3) time frame of measurement, (4) categories of measurement, (5) interviewer effects, and (6) validity of measurement. Difficulties and approaches for measuring drug use and other intimate behaviors in intravenous drug users are discussed. Attempts to come to terms with these measurement issues in the context of HIV infection in intravenous drug users should lead to the further development of methods for use in the general context of drug abuse research.
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PMID:Measurement of HIV risk behaviors among intravenous drug users. 155 40

During 1983-1988, hospitalizations of patients with a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increased from 1.3 to 33.7 per 100,000 persons. We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, which is based on a representative sample of discharges from nonfederal short-stay hospitals, to describe illnesses among hospitalized patients with HIV infection. Of 222,200 such hospitalizations during 1983-1988, most occurred among persons who were 25-44 years of age (79%), white (66%), and male (90%). Among men 25-44 years of age, HIV admissions increased from 8.5 to 148.6 per 100,000 persons during 1983-1988; among black men 25-44 years of age, HIV hospitalizations increased from 43.1 to 387.4 per 100,000 persons. Among women, hospitalizations increased 3.4-fold. Frequently listed illnesses in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS case definition were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (30%), candidiasis (20%), and Kaposi's sarcoma (13%). Other frequently listed illnesses included infections (39%) such as pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections; blood dyscrasias (30%) such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis; metabolic (17%), gastrointestinal (16%), and respiratory disorders (12%); and drug abuse (9%). These data provide a minimum estimate of HIV hospitalizations because for some patients HIV infection may not be specified on the discharge record. HIV hospitalizations are increasing markedly and are associated with a broad spectrum of severe morbidity.
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PMID:Increasing impact of HIV infection on hospitalizations in the United States, 1983-1988. 156 Mar 47

Reports available on the extent and incidence of cognitive deficits in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) patients are variable. To assess the influence of drug abuse and psychiatric symptoms on the extent of the cognitive deficit, we examined 42 drug-addicted HIV-1 patients and compared them with a group of seronegative drug addicts (n = 31) as well as with a group of healthy controls (n = 50), using a psychometric test battery and standardized psychiatric scales. We found no significant difference in the extent and incidence of cognitive deficits in the group of HIV-1 patients as compared with the seronegative drug addicts. Both groups, however, differed from the normal population group. Remarkable depressive symptoms were found in the HIV-1 infected patient group. We assume that long-term drug abuse contributes markedly to the cognitive deficit of HIV-1 patients, which is further influenced by depressive symptoms.
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PMID:Neuropsychological findings and psychiatric symptoms in HIV-1 infected and noninfected drug users. 157 43

Juveniles who live on the street are often the victims of physical and sexual abuse and family chaos. They have a multitude of health problems such as malnutrition, respiratory infections, sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus, mental illness, and substance abuse. Health care, if available, is generally fragmented and often not relevant to their needs. Their high-risk existence leads to individual morbidity and has a negative effect on the health of the community. Presently, there is limited research on the health status and health care needs of street youth who are difficult to track and quantify. The findings of a project undertaken by Region IX of the Public Health Service in 1989 to provide technical assistance to three primary care clinics serving street youth in San Francisco are reviewed. Data were collected on demographics, overall health status, sex-related medical problems, mental health, and substance abuse and compared with another group of adolescents in the general population. Street youth were found to have a greater number of problems--both physical and psychological--than the general adolescent population. High-risk behaviors, such as drug abuse and failure to use condoms during sex, make this population especially vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus. The potential impact on public health is enormous. Adequate access to health services needs to be addressed legislatively.
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PMID:The neglected health care needs of street youth. 164 40


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