Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibodies to antigens of Toxoplasma gondii were measured in the aqueous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 16 specific-pathogen free kittens experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), T. gondii, or both pathogens. The results indicated that all cats infected with T. gondii had antibody responses to antigens of T. gondii in both aqueous fluids and CSF. Co-infection with FIV did not affect antibody levels. Aqueous fluids from eyes of cats with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis did not necessarily have higher antibody levels than those from eyes without lesions. Antibodies to T. gondii were also detected in the CSF of two cats from whose brains no parasites were isolated by in vivo mouse inoculation. Total IgG did not increase significantly in the aqueous fluids and CSF of cats infected with T. gondii whether or not they were also infected with FIV.
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PMID:Antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii antigens in aqueous and cerebrospinal fluids of cats infected with T. gondii and FIV. 133 Apr 26

To examine the immunological changes in cats concurrently infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Toxoplasma gondii, kittens (four per group) were inoculated with FIV, T. gondii, both agents, or no pathogens. Blood mononuclear cells and plasma were collected weekly for lymphocyte assays and serology. At week 14, spleen and lymph node cells were used for lymphocyte assays; brains and mesenteric lymph nodes were used for isolation of T. gondii. More T. gondii organisms were present in tissues of the dually infected cats than in tissues of cats with toxoplasmosis alone. Two dually infected cats and one cat infected with T. gondii developed chorioretinitis. Spleen, lymph node, and blood mononuclear cells from dually infected cats had the greatest reduction in mitogenic responses. By week 3, cats infected with FIV underwent a decrease in the number of CD4 cells that was not changed by concurrent T. gondii infection; the number of CD8 cells increased only in cats infected with T. gondii alone. For cats infected with T. gondii, the responses of lymphocytes to T. gondii antigen were not affected by FIV infection; the responses to FIV antigen were negligible in all groups. Overall, this study indicates that FIV infection favors T. gondii proliferation. Also, the establishment of toxoplasmosis may enhance FIV-induced immunodeficiency and is likely to cause a more rapid disease progression than that from infection with FIV alone.
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PMID:Immunological changes in cats with concurrent Toxoplasma gondii and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. 134 3

The position of visceral toxoplasmosis in HIV infection has changed in the late 1980's. The strong prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the French population and the regression of pneumocystosis due to generalization of primary prophylaxis have made cerebral toxoplasmosis the initial manifestation of AIDS in about 20% of the cases. At the same time, a better management of AIDS patients has made it possible to hope for a longer survival, even in patients with very deep immunodeficiency. Altogether, these various elements are in favour of developing a primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for visceral toxoplasmosis. During the last few years, other visceral forms of this infection have emerged, which are either localized (chorioretinitis, diffuse encephalitis) or disseminated, affecting the lung, liver, heart, muscles, bone marrow and other viscera. These forms usually imply a very severe immunodeficiency. Because of the toxicity of the reference therapy, sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine, attempts are being made at developing more effective and better tolerated treatments. At the moment, the clindamycin-pyrimethamine combination is a possible alternative. Other compounds, and in particular macrolids, are still under study.
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PMID:[Toxoplasmosis: new aspects, diagnosis and treatment]. 156 98

A total of 153 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection underwent complete ophthalmologic examinations for the presence of any eye pathology. We wanted to show a correlation between such pathology and total CD4+ lymphocyte count, believed to be an indicator of immunologic status. The most frequently encountered lesions were cotton-wool patches, vascular congestion, hemorrhages, chorioretinitis, segmental vasculitis, and pallid papilla. Almost all of the patients with ocular anomalies also had a CD4+ count of less than 200 cells/mm3 suggesting that ocular lesions have a negative prognostic significance even in asymptomatic patients who present with a severe impairment of their immune system.
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PMID:Ocular manifestations in HIV-seropositive patients. 197 40

Five cases of congenital toxoplasmosis consecutive to a maternal toxoplasma infection that had preceded pregnancy were observed. One woman with normal immune system had developed a well-documented lymph node toxoplasmosis 2 months before conceiving. Four women had chronic toxoplasmosis diagnosed in the course of an immunosuppressive disease: Hodgkin's disease in 1 case, systemic lupus erythematosus in 2 cases and pancytopenia in 1 case. Toxoplasmosis had been recognized 3, 5 and 10 years respectively before conception in 3 women, and at an uncertain date in 1 woman. Three women had received corticosteroids during pregnancy, and 2 had undergone splenectomy. Among the 6 children (2 were twins), 1 presented with severe foetal disease at birth, 1 developed lethal systemic toxoplasmosis after birth, 1 showed hydrocephalus with therapeutically well-controlled chorioretinitis, 1 had isolated eye lesion and 2 had asymptomatic infection. The parasite seems to have been transmitted after the 20th week of pregnancy in all cases. The physiopathology of mother-to child toxoplasma transmission, the role played by maternal immunodeficiency and the practical implications of these exceptional cases are discussed.
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PMID:[Congenital toxoplasmosis. 5 cases of mother-to-child transmission of pre-pregnancy infection]. 214 35

The clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in persons with AIDS are described, and recent advances in the management of these syndromes with antiviral agents are reviewed. CMV infection is the most common serious opportunistic viral infection in AIDS patients. Clinical manifestations include chorioretinitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pneumonia, CNS infection, adrenalitis, and a wasting syndrome. The diagnosis of CMV infection requires laboratory demonstration of a serologic response to the virus, detection of viral components or products, or isolation of the virus. Ganciclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue marketed for the treatment of CMV-related retinitis in immunocompromised hosts. After i.v. ganciclovir induction therapy, more than 80% of patients show improvement or stabilization of retinitis. Relapse is common in AIDS patients, however, and low-dose i.v. maintenance therapy is recommended. The most serious dose-limiting effect is neutropenia. Intravitreal injection of ganciclovir has been well tolerated and efficacious. Ganciclovir has shown some efficacy in the treatment of other life-threatening CMV infections, especially gastroenteritis, but data are limited. Ganciclovir-resistant strains have been reported. Foscarnet, a pyrophosphate analogue with activity against both human CMV and human immunodeficiency virus, is undergoing clinical trials. Foscarnet has shown promise in the therapy of CMV-related retinitis, but results for other CMV infections are disappointing. Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting effect. AIDS patients with sight-threatening and rapidly progressive CMV-related retinitis should be treated with ganciclovir. Foscarnet may offer an alternative when it becomes available. More must be learned about the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of CMV infection in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 216 89

A 71-yr-old male presented with a 2-month history of fever, malaise, and weight loss. Physical exam revealed chorioretinitis. Laboratory studies were notable for elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Immunoglobulin G antibody to Toxoplasma gondii was positive to a dilution of 1:4096, whereas serologic studies for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Brucella, and Tularemia were negative. A percutaneous biopsy of the liver revealed hepatic granulomas. Culture of the biopsy specimen was negative for growth of mycobacteria or fungi. Spontaneous improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters occurred over a 4-month period.
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PMID:Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and hepatic granulomas. 222 Jul 41

We examined a child with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who at 15 months of age developed acute encephalitis, followed 1 week later by a diffuse, uniocular retinochoroiditis. The clinical picture in the right eye was characterized by the occurrence of some intraretinal hemorrhages; punctate, yellow-white, outer retinal lesions temporal to the macula; and a quadrantal, white area of necrotic retina located superotemporally. - The vitreous was remarkably clear, and the left eye was normal. Fluorescein angiography revealed small spots of late hyperfluorescence, vasculitis in the posterior pole, and a persistently hypofluorescent quadrantal superotemporal area. Toxoplasma IgM antibodies that were absent 1 week after birth became detectable in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid. Serological testing for cytomegalovirus was negative. Neurological signs improved on a specific therapy (pyrimethamine and sulfamethopirazine), but the patient died 2 months later of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection.
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PMID:Diffuse necrotizing retinochoroiditis in a child with AIDS and toxoplasmic encephalitis. 231 43

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an uncommonly reported complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and ocular toxoplasmosis are reported. In two of them, cerebral toxoplasmosis was associated. Ocular involvement presented as exudative chorioretinitis, bilateral in 2 cases and unilateral in 1. The diagnosis was made on the basis of ocular disease associated with lesions consistent with toxoplasmosis of central nervous system (CNS) and response to antitoxoplasma treatment in one case, and ocular disease with rising antitoxoplasma serologic titers in the remaining two. Initial therapy included pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine in 2 cases and pyrimethamine plus clindamycin in 1. The 2 patients treated with sulfadiazine showed hypersensitivity features, and clindamycin had to be substituted. The response to therapy was favorable, although one patient died few days after the development of CNS lesions. When chorioretinitis develops in a patient with HIV infection, ocular toxoplasmosis should be considered. As CNS involvement is commonly associated and relapse after the withdrawal of therapy is likely, these patients should be treated as those with isolated toxoplasma encephalitis.
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PMID:[Ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. 237 16

Forty pediatric patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus antibody and conforming to Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga, case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome underwent ophthalmic examinations to evaluate prospectively the incidence, type, and natural history of ocular involvement in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A total of 87 examinations were performed on the patient population throughout the course of the study. Twenty percent had ocular findings, including two cases of cytomegalovirus retinitis, one case of isolated retinal cotton-wool spots, one case of toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis, and three cases of external infections of adnexal structures. One patient had unusual peripheral retinal findings. The incidence of ocular manifestations in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is considerably less than reported in several adult series. However, we recommend ophthalmic screening in all pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with encephalopathy or disseminated opportunistic infections, or when symptoms suggest ophthalmic involvement.
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PMID:Ocular manifestations in pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 254 25


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