Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the US and globally women are contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) the fastest. Worldwide, HIV is transmitted primarily through heterosexual intercourse. In the US, the proportion of women who have contracted AIDS by heterosexual transmission has increased from 11% in 1984 to 34% in 1990. Women are at a greater risk than men for transmission by heterosexual intercourse as the ratio of women to men who acquire AIDS by heterosexual transmission is 3 to 1. Furthermore, 25% of AIDS cases caused by heterosexual transmission or iv drug use occurs in women. Although women often develop HIV-related serious gynecologic problems, including cervical cancer and refractory vaginal candidiasis, these conditions do not fall within the Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS. Women who have gynecologic symptoms are not diagnosed as having AIDS, are not eligible for AIDS benefits, and live half as long as men do once they are diagnosed as being HIV infected. Little is known about the characteristics of HIV infection or AIDS in women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) seem to act as cofactors for HIV infection. The human papilloma virus or genital warts, the herpes simplex virus, syphilis, chancroid, recurrent vaginal candidiasis, abnormal Pap smears, cervical neoplasias, and pelvic inflammatory disease have been associated with HIV infection in women. HIV infection should be considered in all women with symptoms of any of these disorders. Nurses must first become aware of the clinical manifestations of HIV infection specific to women. Nursing interventions should educate about safer-sex including condom use with nonoxynol 9, and the risks of sharing needles. Strategies must be developed that provide empowerment skills and are sensitive to the women's cultural, religious, and ethnic background, beliefs, and values.
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PMID:Issues concerning women and AIDS: sexuality. 140 53

Chancroid is a mucocutaneous infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that produces ulcerative lesions and enhances the efficiency of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Confirmation of infection by culture of H. ducreyi is essential in therapeutic trials. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for the isolate should be determined by agar dilution. Patients should be evaluated by appropriate laboratory tests for syphilis, infection with herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, and (in North America) infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The clinical history of the disease should be recorded and ulcers, buboes, and lymphadenitis mass described. Whenever possible, study participants also should be tested for HIV infection. Randomized, prospective, double-blind, active-control comparative clinical trials are preferred for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new anti-infective drugs. Otherwise-healthy men and women should be enrolled in these studies. Patients with active syphilis or genital herpes should be excluded. Microbiological and clinical outcomes are paramount.
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PMID:Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chancroid. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. 147 17

Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients infected with HIV and tend to be more frequent as immunodeficiency progresses. It remains, however, unclear which or how many with HIV-1 infection will develop skin disease. This paper presents and describes the commonly reported skin diseases occurring in people with HIV-1 infection. Observed infections include herpes zoster, herpes simplex, chancroid, syphilis, condylomata acuminata, oral hairy leukoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, candidiasis, bacterial infections, dermatophytosis, and scabies. Noninfective conditions such as pruritic papular eruption, seborrhoeic dermatitis, psoriasis, and others may also present. Regarding disease etiology, a transient maculopapular rash may present in the initial stage of HIV infection. Seborrhoeic dermatitis, persistent genital ulcer disease, pruritic papular eruption, and/or a variety of scaling dermatoses may then be observed during the otherwise asymptomatic phase. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most frequent skin tumor associated with HIV disease. It is also observed that skin manifestations of adverse reactions to drugs occur more frequently in patients with HIV disease than in immunocompetent patients. In closing, most skin diseases associated with HIV disease respond well to standard treatment regimens. Relapses and/or recurrences are, however, frequent among these patients.
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PMID:Cutaneous findings associated with HIV disease including AIDS: experience from Sub Saharan Africa. 149 76

We standardized a serologic enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human immunoglobulin G and M antibodies against Haemophilus ducreyi. We evaluated the performance of this test with respect to the time from acute chancroid and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antibody to a crude, soluble bacterial antigen of one H. ducreyi strain was detected in a panel of serum samples from clinically and microbiologically confirmed cases of chancroid and from controls. Test interpretation was standardized for optimal sensitivity and specificity. Performance of the EIA was enhanced in the period of early convalescence from acute primary chancroid and was not diminished in the presence of HIV coinfection. The EIA performed adequately as a serologic screening test for field evaluation and epidemiologic application in conjunction with sexually transmitted disease and HIV detection and control efforts.
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PMID:Standardization of an enzyme immunoassay for human antibody to Haemophilus ducreyi. 150 May 8

Chancroid is linked to the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in East Africa. Effective, easily administered therapy is a priority for the control of Haemophilus ducreyi. The efficacy of a single oral dose of fleroxacin, 400 mg, was compared to a 3-day oral course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), 160/800 mg, twice daily for the treatment of chancroid in 98 HIV-1-seronegative men in Nairobi, Kenya. No differences were noted between the two groups with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and clinical characteristics. Culture-proven failure occurred in 1 (3%) of 36 fleroxacin-treated patients and in 11 (30%) of 37 TMP-SMZ-treated patients (P = .005). Fleroxacin, as a single oral dose, is an effective treatment for culture-proven chancroid in patients who are HIV-1 seronegative. TMP-SMZ is no longer predictably effective due to the recent emergence of resistance to both sulfonamides and to trimethoprim.
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PMID:A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of fleroxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in men with culture-proven chancroid. 156 47

Since recommendations for the treatment of chancroid were made in 1985, in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the two drugs recommended, erythromycin (500 mg four times a day for 7 days) and ceftriaxone (250 mg intramuscularly in a single dose), remain effective. The alternative therapies of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg twice a day for 7 days) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (500/125 mg three times a day for 7 days) also appear to be effective, although there has been little experience with these drugs in the United States. Single-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (640/3,200 mg) now lacks the efficacy of other regimens. The experience with ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice a day for 3 days) has been favorable, and other quinolones may prove useful. Concurrent infection with human immunodeficiency virus appears to result in an increased rate of failure of treatment for chancroid, and such cases may require more prolonged therapy.
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PMID:Treatment of chancroid, 1989. 220 Oct 74

The three major diseases characterized by genital ulcers--genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid--are common, with genital herpes being most common in industrialized countries and chancroid being most common in developing countries. One fourth to one half of patients with genital ulcers have no diagnosed cause for their illness despite diagnostic efforts. The bulk of these cases is probably constituted by one of the three diseases for which diagnostic tests are falsely negative. There is accumulating evidence that genital ulcers facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and they may also be markers of high-risk behavior for acquisition of HIV. Appropriate therapy of patients with genital ulcers (as well as their sexual partners) depends on accurate diagnosis. Patients with genital ulcers, particularly those with syphilis or chancroid, should be encouraged to undergo testing for HIV infection.
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PMID:Approach to the patient with genital ulcer disease. 224 53

Three-hundred-eighty-four leprosy patients were clinically examined for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in north and northeastern India, revealing a high incidence (5.2%) of STD among them. Eighteen males, one female, and one eunuch were found to have chancroid ulcer, gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma inguinale, and primary chancre. Of these patients, only 100, selected randomly, could be screened serologically for STD due to Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex (type 1 and 2), Entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis-associated virus, cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 100 control sera were included for comparison. In addition, sera from another 133 normal subjects and another 176 lepromatous patients were also screened for HIV antibody. Thus, a total of 233 normal sera and 276 leprosy sera were tested for HIV antibody. Although our leprosy patients have shown significantly high incidences of clinical STD and also high seropositivity against T. pallidum, herpes-simplex viruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis-associated virus, and cytomegalovirus, the search for antibody against HIV was negative. Our clinical and serological data suggest promiscuity in our patient population. The absence of HIV antibody in this high-risk population, however, seems to be an enigma.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in leprosy patients in north and northeastern India. A futile search for human immunodeficiency virus antibody. 228 Jan 16

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are now the most common group of identifiable infectious diseases in many countries, especially among those ages 15-50 and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). THe worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STDs is estimated to be over 125 million cases yearly. STDs are hyperendemic in many developing countries. However, in industrialized countries, the bacterial STDs such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid declined from their peak during WW II until the late 1950s, increased during the 1960s and early 1970s, and have again decreased since that time. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses, and HIV are now more significant than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both men and women, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancy are often a result of pelvic inflammatory disease and are preventable. STDs in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. In many areas, 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a disease that blinds and congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral STDs (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men. (author's modified)
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PMID:Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture. 228

We report a woman who presented with an intractable vulvar ulcer of unknown etiology. Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies and a depressed CD4 lymphocyte count were the only remarkable findings. There was no evidence of syphilis, chancroid, or herpes simplex virus infection. The ulcer healed in association with treatment with zidovudine.
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PMID:Vulvar ulcer of unknown etiology in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected woman: response to treatment with zidovudine. 200 66


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