Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Population-based disease registries for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer were linked for San Francisco residents to study the pattern of AIDS-associated malignancies diagnosed during the time period 1980-1987. A total of 1,756 newly diagnosed malignancies were identified during these years among members of the AIDS cohort. Of these, 1,752 (99.7%) occurred in males, 1,454 (83%) were Kaposi's sarcoma, 235 (13%) were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 16 (1%) were Hodgkin's disease. The distributions of AIDS patients with cancer differed significantly from those without cancer by race and by risk group. Malignancies known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated, and now diagnostic of AIDS (Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), were, as would be expected, dramatically in excess among AIDS patients. Some malignancies not traditionally thought to be HIV-associated appear to have occurred more often than expected in the study cohort. These include Hodgkin's disease, rare non-melanoma skin cancers, and cancers of the rectum, anus, and nasal cavity. Malignancies known to be HIV-associated were more likely to be diagnosed concurrent with or subsequent to first AIDS diagnosis. Conversely, malignancies not known to be HIV-associated were more likely to be diagnosed before AIDS diagnosis. Compared with the concurrent reference population of the San Francisco Bay Area, there was little or no increase in Kaposi's sarcoma over the time interval of this study. For non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and suggestively for Hodgkin's disease, however, the temporal increase has been quite dramatic.
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PMID:The spectrum of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated malignancies in San Francisco, 1980-1987. 843 70

Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens to increase exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation which is known to be a factor in a number of diseases. There is little doubt that cumulative exposure to UV radiation is important in the aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancers. Evidence is also strong for a link with cutaneous malignant melanoma, although here it appears to be intermittent intense exposure that is most damaging. More controversial is the view that exposure to solar radiation is a significant factor in ocular damage, particularly in the formation of cataracts. Earlier studies pointing to such an effect have been criticized and alternative aetiological hypotheses have been proposed. However, other studies do show an effect of UV exposure on cortical cataract. Concern is also growing that UV may be capable of activating viruses and have immunological effects that might exacerbate infectious disease. Very worrying is the possibility that UV exposure can activate the human immunodeficiency virus which might accelerate the onset AIDS. Any such health effects that have been observed in human populations are the result of exposure to existing, naturally occurring levels of UV radiation. There is, therefore, great concern about the possible exacerbation of these impacts as a result of increased exposure to UV radiation associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. However, any assessment of the nature and scale of such impacts on human health has to deal with several major problems and these are the focus of this paper. There are uncertainties about recent trends in stratospheric ozone and problems in the prediction of future changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Depletion of the ozone layer: consequences for non-infectious human diseases. 848 70

Immunosuppression has been known for many years to be associated with the development of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. The association with melanoma is less clear. This report describes 4 patients with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity who subsequently developed malignant melanoma. The subtypes and precursors of the tumors vary. Three of 4 patients treated using accepted surgical standards remained disease free an average of 33 months postoperatively. Treatment of the melanoma as in the non-HIV infected melanoma patient is advised. Epidemiological studies remain to be done to determine the significance of this association. In the meantime, melanoma remains a surgical disease and early, aggressive, standard surgical treatment is encouraged for these patients. Despite the immunocompromised state that their HIV status implies, surgical treatment offers local and regional control of disease and possibly cure.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection and subsequent melanoma. 888 25

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) probably play a role in the development of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Since some mucosal HPV are strongly related to cervical cancer, we compared the frequency of HPV DNA detection (mucosal types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/51) in skin cancer of renal transplant recipients (21 lesions) with that in normal subjects without immunodeficiency (21 lesions) and studied the frequency of these same HPV in benign lesions of renal transplant recipients (34 lesions) and normal subjects (30 lesions). An in situ hybridization technique employing cold biotin probes was used. HPV DNA was not significantly (P = 0.095) more frequent in malignant skin cancer in renal transplant recipients (42.9%) than in normal subjects (19.04%), but was significantly more frequent in benign lesions in renal transplant recipients (32.4%) than in controls (10%; P < 0.05). These results on a limited number of skin lesions do not allow one to confirm the predominant role of mucosal HPV in the development of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. HPV interaction with other factors related to the immunosuppressive state may play a role.
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PMID:Frequency of mucosal HPV DNA detection (types 6/11, 16/18, 31/35/51) in skin lesions of renal transplant patients. 909

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common of all skin cancers and the most prevalent one among Caucasians. Rarely, these tumors are seen in other races. We report a 77-year-old Korean woman who presented with multiple darkly pigmented enlarging nodules on her scalp, face, trunk, and extremities. The patient had first noted a 6-mm pigmented lesion on her left eyebrow 10 years previously. Since then, other lesions had appeared in many locations on her body. She had been otherwise healthy and without a history of exposure to arsenic or radiation. There was no family history of skin cancer, xeroderma pigmentosum, or basal cell nevus syndrome. On physical examination, multiple darkly pigmented dome-shaped papules and nodules were present on her scalp, face, right forearm, lower abdomen, and inguinal areas. They ranged in size from 0.5 mm to 2 cm. The larger ones showed central ulceration. Multiple biopsy specimens from different sites showed pigmented basal cell carcinomas. Clinically, there was no evidence of nevus sebaceus, xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome, or immunodeficiency. Clinical workup including chest radiography, abdominal ultrasound, bone scan, and brain computerized axial tomography scan did not demonstrate primary or secondary tumors. The results of serologic and hematologic tests were also within normal limits. This is an unusual case report of multiple pigmented basal cell carcinomas in an Asian woman without any predisposing risk factors.
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PMID:Multiple pigmented basal cell carcinomas. 955 92

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a form of skin cancer, most commonly found in individuals suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. However, before the worldwide infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the rare occurrence of KS was confined to two distinct groups of individuals. In the Western world, the classical form of KS was often found in older men (60-70 years of age) from the Mediterranean area. Another form called endemic KS, was found in Equatorial Africa. Currently, the most common cases of KS are found in individuals suffering from AIDS. This is called AIDS-associated KS. Between 30 and 40% of male, homosexual AIDS patients suffer from AIDS-associated KS. KS is also occasionally diagnosed in transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs (to keep their body from rejecting the foreign organ). As opposed to cases of classic and endemic KS, the KS in AIDS patients progresses very quickly, often with a fatal outcome. Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) has been implicated as the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), but the exact connection of the virus to the neoplasm is not known. The virus has been detected within the sarcoma skin lesions, but has additionally been seen in peripheral blood cells, semen samples, prostate tissue, and other types of soft tissue tumors. In this study, we evaluated HHV-8 within the skin lesion of KS as well as in semen specimens obtained from HIV-1 infected and uninfected specimens from HIV-1-seronegative individuals. Twenty-eight tissue samples representing AIDS-associated, endemic KS, and six non-KS patients were collected for observation from different centers throughout the world. The tissues were examined utilizing in situ polymerase chain reaction (ISPCR) and hybridization to identify and localize the herpesvirus within the KS lesions. With the use of the sensitive ISPCR technique, HHV-8 DNA was detected in the spindle cells within the nodular skin lesions, as well as in the microvascular endothelial cells which line small vessels within the lesions in all forms of KS. In addition, we analysed semen specimens from HIV-1 infected and uninfected men, our analyses revealed that HHV-8 was present in the significant proportions of the HIV-1-infected-individuals' sperm, as well as in the mononuclear cells of the semen specimens. HHV-8 DNA was demonstrated, by ISPCR, in KS lesions as well as in seminal mononuclear cells and sperm of significantly high proportion of HIV-1-infected men. What role the presence of HHV-8 in the sperm cells plays in the sexual transmission of this herpesvirus will require further study. However, the reports which demonstrate that KS lesions can develop in infants of only a few weeks of age, increases the possibility that this agent may be vertically transmitted. It can be suggested that HHV-8 is relatively ubiquitous and its frequency increases with the increasing immunosuppression.
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PMID:Localization of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in the Kaposi's sarcoma tissues and the semen specimens of HIV-1 infected and uninfected individuals by utilizing in situ polymerase chain reaction. 1021 7

OVERVIEW OF MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH AIDS: Despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated malignancies has not decreased. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has determined that Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (including primary central nervous system lymphoma), and cervical carcinoma define the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some literature reports include Hodgkin's disease, anal carcinoma, lung cancer, and non-melanomatous skin cancers as ones commonly found in people infected with HIV. The oncologist is further challenged treating a patient with malignancy whose malignancy is complicated by a concurrent compromised marrow function. This article will review the clinical presentation and current treatment for the HIV-associated malignancies and selected other tumors in the HIV-infected patient. Furthermore, HIV-associated myelosuppression is a common problem in antiviral-undertreated or antiviral-resistant patients.
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PMID:AIDS-Related Malignancies. 1038 17

For people immunosuppressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we expect an increase in cancer incidence similar to that documented in transplant patients. We examined the cancer spectrum in an HIV-infected cohort, specifically malignancies not currently associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in relation to the general population. Cancer incidence data for residents of Harris County, Texas, diagnosed between 1975 and 1994, were linked to HIV/AIDS registry data by Soundex code and date of birth to identify malignancies in an HIV-infected cohort of 14,986 persons. Incidence of cancer in this cohort was compared to the general population by standardized incidence ratio (SIR) analysis. From the HIV-infected cohort, 2289 persons (15%) were identified as having one or more malignancies, with 97% occurring in males. The linkage alone identified 29.5% of the malignancies, of which only 28.7% were diagnosed in males. Adjusting for age, HIV-infected men and women had incidences of cancer that were 16.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.1-17.3] and 2.9 (95% CI 2.3-3.7) times that expected for the general population of Harris County, Texas. Besides Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervix cancer and brain lymphoma, non-AIDS related malignancies of Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-melanotic skin cancer in males and colon cancer in females, exhibited significant SIRs of 5.6 (95% CI 3.6-8.4), 6.9 (95% CI 4.8-9.5) and 4.0 (95% CI 1.1-10.2). Increased incidences of lung, prostate and breast malignancies were not seen in this HIV cohort. Persons infected with HIV appear to be at increased risk for the non-AIDS related malignancies, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-melanotic skin cancer in males and colon cancer in females.
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PMID:HIV-related malignancies: community-based study using linkage of cancer registry and HIV registry data. 1063 60

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin cancer that occurs more frequently after organ transplantation or B-cell malignancy, conditions of suppressed or disordered immunity. To assess further whether immune suppression increases MCC risk, we studied its occurrence in a cohort of 309365 individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by using linked AIDS and cancer registries. We identified six cases of MCC, corresponding to a relative risk of 13.4 (95% CI 4.9-29.1) compared with the general population. These results suggest that immune suppression induced by the human immunodeficiency virus increases MCC risk.
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PMID:Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. 1185

In the general population, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a very rare neuroendocrine primary skin cancer, known for its high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastases. Treatment for this neoplasm is individualized on the grounds of clinical staging at presentation, and may include surgical excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Several studies suggest that MCC occurs more frequently and with a more aggressive course in immunocompromised patients such as organ transplant recipients and those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A case of this cutaneous malignancy, characterized by a short-term local recurrence and systemic fatal spread in spite of surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is described in a patient with advanced HIV infection.
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PMID:Merkel cell carcinoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. 1200 Mar 92


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