Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

On September 12, 1995, the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council of Japan recommended approval of low-dose oral contraceptives as a method of family planning. Doctors should be able to prescribe the pills after the standing members of the Council, part of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, meet next March. High-dose oral contraceptives can be obtained currently to treat menstrual irregularities, although many of the 200,000 prescriptions written annually are used for family planning. Approval for the low-dose contraceptives has been slow because of concerns regarding a possible relaxation of sexual mores (1965); adverse side effects (until 1987 when the Japanese Ministry of Health initiated clinical trials that established the safety and efficacy of the contraceptives); increased rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1992); a higher number of drug reimbursement claims under the national health insurance system; and a decline in Japan's birthrate. Japan's birthrate fell from 4.5 children per woman in 1947 to 1.5 in 1993. 80% of contraceptive users rely on condom; 22% use the rhythm method, usually in conjunction with the condom; 7% use the IUD; and less than 2% use sterilization. Sterilization is only permitted for married couples and only when the woman's life or health is in danger, or either spouse has a mental illness, leprosy, or a hereditary disorder.
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PMID:Japanese government takes steps toward approving birth control pill. 1231 97

Psychiatric disorders due to quinacrine for antiparasitic therapy represent an infrequent, but serious, complication. The remarkable course of a 12-year-old boy with common variable immunodeficiency who developed severe psychiatric reactions following quinacrine therapy for his resistant chronic giardiasis is presented. The broad clinical spectrum of quinacrine-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances has been emphasized for the clinicians.
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PMID:Quinacrine-induced psychiatric disturbances in a child with common variable immunodeficiency and chronic giardiasis. 1241 56

One hundred eighty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients were prospectively evaluated for suitability for interferon and ribavirin therapy. Of the 149 patients with chronic HCV infection who completed the evaluation, 44 (30%) were eligible for treatment and 105 (70%) were ineligible, with the main barriers being missed clinic visits, active psychiatric illness, active drug or alcohol use, decompensated liver disease, or medical illness.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in an urban population: low eligibility for interferon treatment. 1249 Dec 8

Research from the west indicates that women living with a psychiatric disorder are particularly vulnerable to sexual coercion and abuse. However, there have been no published reports of sexual abuse among female psychiatric patients in India. This exploratory study sought (1) to determine the prevalence of sexual coercion in a representative sample of female psychiatric patients in India; (2) to identify clinical and sociodemographic correlates of sexual coercion; (3) to clarify the association between sexual coercion and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk behavior; and (4) to determine whether self-report of sexual coercion from these patients was recorded in their medical charts. Consecutive female inpatient admissions (N = 146) to a large psychiatric hospital in southern India were assessed using a structured interview and standardized measures. During these structured clinical interviews, sexual coercion was reported by 30% of the 146 women. The most commonly reported experience was sexual intercourse involving threatened or actual physical force (reported by 14% of women), and the most commonly identified perpetrator was the woman's husband or intimate partner (15%), or a person in a position of authority in their community (10%). Women with a history of abuse were more likely to report HIV-related sexual behavior (P <.001). In contrast to the 30% of women who reported sexual coercion during interviews, only 3.5% of the medical records contained this information. Thus, sexual coercion is a serious and prevalent concern among female Indian psychiatric patients, but is rarely reported in medical charts. Increased screening and reporting are indicated, as are sexual abuse prevention and treatment programs.
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PMID:Sexual coercion and abuse among women with a severe mental illness in India: an exploratory investigation. 1276 8

This article outlines the history and rationale of a multisite study of blood-borne infections among persons with severe mental illness reported in this special section of Psychiatric Services. The general problem of blood-borne diseases in the United States is reviewed, particularly as it affects people with severe mental illness and those with comorbid substance use disorders. The epidemiology and natural history of three of the most important infections are reviewed: the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the hepatitis B virus, and the hepatitis C virus. Current knowledge about blood-borne diseases among people with severe mental illness as well as information on current treatment advances for hepatitis C are summarized. A heuristic model, based on the pragmatic, empirical, and conceptual issues that influenced the final study design, is presented. The specific rationale of the five-site collaborative design is discussed, as well as the sampling frames, measures, and procedures used at the participating sites. Alternative strategies for analyzing data deriving from multisite studies that use nonrandomized designs are described and compared. Finally, each of the articles in this special section is briefly outlined, with reference to the overall hypotheses of the studies.
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PMID:The five-site health and risk study of blood-borne infections among persons with severe mental illness. 1277 96

The Five-Site Health and Risk Study estimated prevalence rates of blood-borne infections, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, and addressed risk factors and correlates of infection among persons with severe mental illness. In this final article of the special section in this issue of Psychiatric Services, the authors review public health recommendations and best practices and discuss the implications of these results for community mental health care of clients with severe mental illness. Standard public health recommendations could be modified for use by community mental health providers. In addition, expansion of integrated dual disorders treatments and improving linkage with specialty medical care providers are recommended.
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PMID:Responding to blood-borne infections among persons with severe mental illness. 1277 1

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among homeless persons with co-occurring severe mental illness (SMI) and substance use disorders and to determine associated risk factors. As part of a longitudinal study of the effectiveness of integrated treatment for homeless persons with SMI and substance abuse or dependence, serological testing was performed to ascertain the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV. At baseline, 6.2% of participants (11/172) were HIV-positive. Nearly one third of participants (37/114) had evidence of prior exposure to HBV, and 30% (34/114) were antibody positive for HCV. About 44% of participants (50/114) had a reactive test for either HBV or HCV. Having a reactive test was strongly associated with substance use, especially with a history of injection drug use. A significant threat exists to the health and well-being of homeless person with SMI due to high prevalence of blood-borne pathogens. Mental health providers need to play a proactive role in the identification of health-related needs and to assist with access to general health services for persons with SMI.
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PMID:Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among homeless persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. 1292 7

People living with a mental illness are disproportionately vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus. The current study sought to examine the influence of psychiatric disorder, substance use disorder, and gender on risky sexual behavior in this vulnerable population. Participants were 228 female and 202 male outpatients (66% mood disorder, 34% schizophrenia), each of whom took part in a Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV and a comprehensive assessment of sexual risk behavior. Univariate and multivariate analyses tested a priori hypotheses. The results indicated that risk behavior was more frequent among patients diagnosed with a mood disorder (compared with those diagnosed with schizophrenia) or a substance use disorder (compared with those without a comorbid disorder) or both. We recommend routine human immunodeficiency virus risk screening and risk reduction programs for this vulnerable population.
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PMID:HIV risk behavior among psychiatric outpatients: association with psychiatric disorder, substance use disorder, and gender. 1506 Apr 3

This study identified factors impacting adherence to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies in a sample of 46 persons diagnosed with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and severe mental illness who were receiving care through a day care program in Northern California. Comprehensive descriptions of factors and circumstances that influence adherence behaviors were obtained through critical incident interviews, and a taxonomy of adherence factors was determined. A chi2 analysis that examined differences between patient characteristics and major adherence factors found that planning was more likely to be reported by older persons taking HIV medications over longer periods. Nonwhite persons and those living alone were more apt to rely on the use of reminders and cues. Persons with bipolar disorder reported substantially more incidents of the impact of their symptoms on adherence to HIV therapies than persons with other psychiatric diagnoses. The taxonomy of adherence factors provides important information for developing relevant adherence education programs and an essential foundation for testing compliance interventions.
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PMID:Antiretroviral adherence in persons with HIV/AIDS and severe mental illness. 1516 2

Along with the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) came a worldwide resurgence of syphilis. The later stages of syphilis, especially neurosyphilis, may present with symptoms of virtually any psychiatric disorder. The authors present three cases of neurosyphilis diagnosed at the Center for Psychiatric Medicine of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where the patients presented with overwhelmingly psychiatric manifestations. The authors recommend that clinicians have a high index of suspicion of neurosyphilis, which may have an exclusively psychiatric presentation.
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PMID:Unusual case report: three cases of psychiatric manifestations of neurosyphilis. 1523 27


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