Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of cancers in patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency syndrome (X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, IgA deficiency) is more than mere coincidence. An increased risk of non Hodgkin's lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma, particularly for patients with common variable immunodeficiency, is well established. A literature review is presented on this subject with analysis of case reports, prospective and retrospective studies, and data from the Minnesota Immunodeficiency Cancer Registry.
 ...
PMID:[Cancer and primary humoral immunodeficiency]. 933 87

In the human lymphoblastoid T cell line JJhan-5.1, stably transfected with a human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat luciferase vector, the level of luciferase activity is dependent on activation of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor. Tumor necrosis factor-induced luciferase activity was not modified in JJhan-5.1 cells co-cultivated with murine adenocarcinoma EMT-6 cells but was strongly decreased when nitric oxide (NO) synthase 2 expression was induced in these cells. Two NO synthase inhibitors counteracted this inhibitory effect. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha binding to JJhan-5.1 cells was not modified after incubation with EMT-6 cells. Viability and protein synthesis in JJhan-5.1 cells were also unchanged. Induction of NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was inhibited when EMT-6 cells expressed NO synthase 2 activity. Aminoguanidine, which completely abolished nitrite production, prevented this inhibition. NF-kappaB activation was also strongly inhibited by S-nitrosoglutathione but was marginally affected by N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino)-1, 2-ethylenediamine. Taken together, these results indicated that NO-related species, released by EMT-6 effector cells and probably different from NO itself, inhibited NF-kappaB activation in human lymphoblastoid target cells. Consequently, transcriptional activity of a long terminal repeat-driven luciferase gene construct was markedly diminished.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of NF-kappaB and HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcriptional activation by inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 activity. 946 73

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a high incidence of cancers. This relationship does not appear to be due to a direct effect of the virus, and may be mediated by neuroimmune interactions since the HIV glycoprotein, gp120, enters the brain soon after infection with HIV, and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of gp120 suppresses aspects of cellular and tumor immunity. It has been speculated that this suppression may be attributed to the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the brain induced by gp120. Using an in vivo tumor model, we examined the effect of centrally administered gp120 on tumor metastasis and lung clearance of mammary adenocarcinoma (MADB106) tumor cells in rats, and the role played by brain IL-1 in mediating these effects. We demonstrate that central administration of gp120 (4 microg) significantly (p<0.05) increased the retention of tumor cells in the lungs and significantly (p<0.02) enhanced the development of tumor metastases. Central administration of IL-1beta (10 ng) also significantly (p<0.05) increased retention of tumor cells in the lungs. The effect of gp120 on lung retention of tumor cells was blocked by co-administration of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH, 20 ng), a hormone that blocks many of the biological effects of IL-1, or the IL-1 receptor antagonist (50 microg). Given that systemic administration of gp120 or IL-1beta had no effect on the retention of tumor cells in the lungs, these findings indicate that gp120-induced secretion of IL-1 within the brain most likely mediates the effects of gp120 on tumor metastasis. These findings suggest a possible neuroimmune mechanism to account for the increased incidence and aggressiveness of tumors in HIV-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Intracerebral HIV glycoprotein (gp120) enhances tumor metastasis via centrally released interleukin-1. 950 52

Drug-induced DNA demethylation in normal human cells and inherited localized hypomethylation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with a rare recessive disease (ICF: immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies) are associated with karyotypic instability. This chromosomal recombination is targeted to heterochromatin in the vicinity of the centromere (pericentromeric region) of human chromosome 1. Pericentromeric rearrangements in this chromosome as well as overall genomic hypomethylation are frequently observed in many kinds of cancer, including breast adenocarcinoma. We found that almost half of 25 examined breast adenocarcinomas exhibited hypomethylation in satellite 2 DNA, which is located in the long region of heterochromatin adjacent to the centromere of chromosome 1 and is normally highly methylated. One of the 19 examined non-malignant breast tissues displaying fibrocystic changes was similarly hypomethylated in this satellite DNA. We also looked at an opposing type of methylation alteration in these cancers, namely, hypermethylation in a tumor-suppressor gene region that is frequently hypermethylated in breast cancers. We found that increased methylation in the E-cadherin promoter region and decreased methylation in satellite 2 DNA were often present in the same breast cancers. While hypermethylation in certain tumor-suppressor gene regions may favor tumorigenesis by repressing transcription, demethylation of other DNA sequences may predispose to cancer-promoting chromosomal re-arrangements.
 ...
PMID:Hypomethylation of pericentromeric DNA in breast adenocarcinomas. 971 50

BACKGROUND: gastric abnormalities are a common feature in patients with primary antibody deficiency. The most important problem is the high incidence of stomach cancer found in these patients. Chronic atrophic gastritis with pernicious anemia is also a common finding that predisposes to gastric adenocarcinoma. The aim of the present study was to identify factors predictive of high risk for developing gastric cancer in patients with primary antibody deficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we studied gastric hormones (gastrin, somatostatin and gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP) in 47 patients (23 children and 24 adults) with primary antibody deficiency. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, patients were diagnosed as having X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton disease) in 13 cases, common variable immunodeficiency in 28, and hypogammaglobulinemia with hyperIgM in 6. Gastric biopsy was performed in 22 patients (16 children and 6 adults). Hormone determinations were carried out by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: baseline serum gastrin levels were normal or increased compared with controls, but the response to stimulation with a hyperproteic diet was delayed in 18 patients and lower than in controls in 7. In 4 adult patients, all with pernicious anemia, gastric biopsy revealed chronic atrophic gastritis involving the stomach corpus and antrum (type B gastritis). The absence of a normal response of gastrin secretion to stimulation with a hyperproteic diet may be explained by this finding. Serum somatostatin and GRP levels were higher than in controls. No correlations were found between these findings and patient age, type of immunodeficiency or duration of clinical manifestations.
 ...
PMID:Study of gastrointestinal polypeptides controlling gastric acid secretion in patients with primary antibody deficiency. 1021 2

Adenocarcinomas of the breast behave clinically and epidemiologically in ways that show host resistance factors are important for outcome in addition to grade and stage of malignancy. Immune reactivity to autologous tumors is indicated by the general presence of lymphoid infiltration (LI) and regional lymph node changes; however, these changes predict favorable outcome only in non-metastatic disease. LI is characterized by CD4+ and CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes reflecting latent cell-mediated immunity (CMI). CMI and humoral immune reactivity have been demonstrated to autologous tumor and a variety of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been implicated including CEA, HER-2/neu, MAGE-1, p53, T/Tn and MUC-1. Immune incompetence involving CMI is progressive with the stage of breast cancer and is prognostically significant. Immunotherapy of several types has been designed to address this immunodeficiency and the TAAs involved. Animal models have employed drug therapy, cytokine transfection, vaccines with autologous tumor, cytokines like interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), TAA tumor vaccines, and immunotoxins with evidence of tumor regression by immunologic means. Immunotherapy of human breast cancer is a rapidly growing experimental area. Positive results have been obtained with natural IFN and interleukins, particularly in combination strategies (but not with high dose recombinant IFN or IL-2), with autologous tumor vaccine (but not yet with transfected autologous tumor); with a mucin carbohydrate vaccine (Theratope) in a combination strategy (but not with mucin core antigen) and with several immunotoxins. Combination strategies involving immunorestoration, contrasuppression, adjuvant, and immunotoxins are suggested for the future.
 ...
PMID:The immunology and immunotherapy of breast cancer: an update. 1023 Aug 72

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has been increasingly utilized as a diagnostic tool in evaluating salivary gland masses, primarily to differentiate nonneoplastic from neoplastic lesions. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently present with salivary gland lesions. In this study, we reviewed the cytology of salivary gland lesions in HIV-infected patients and assessed the value of FNA in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions in HIV-infected patients. One hundred and three FNAs of salivary gland lesions from 78 HIV-infected patients (63 males and 15 females) were included in our study. The patients' ages ranged from 7-65 yr, with a mean age of 40.9 yr. FNAs were classified into three categories: benign lymphoepithelial lesions (BLL) (77 cases or 74.8%), inflammatory processes (14 cases or 13.6%), including 3 reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, and neoplastic lesions (6 cases or 5.8%). The latter included three malignant lymphomas, a multiple myeloma, a metastatic adenocarcinoma from a lung primary, and a direct extension of basal-cell carcinoma. Six (5.8%) aspirates were nondiagnostic. No false-positive or false-negative cases were noted during follow-up of these patients. In conclusion, FNA is a simple and cost-effective procedure for the diagnosis of HIV-related salivary gland lesions. The majority of these lesions are cystic BLL and can be managed conservatively. Malignant lesions are rarely encountered and are readily recognized by FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:260-264.
 ...
PMID:Utility of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 1049 19

Tat protein, a transactivating factor of the human immunodeficiency virus type I, acts also as an extracellular molecule. Heparin affects the bioavailability and biological activity of extracellular Tat (Rusnati, M., Coltrini, D., Oreste, P., Zoppetti, G., Albini, A., Noonan, D., D'Adda di Fagagna, F., Giacca, M., and Presta, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11313-11320). Here, a series of homogeneously sized, (3)H-labeled heparin fragments were evaluated for their capacity to bind to free glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Tat protein and to immobilized GST-Tat. Hexasaccharides represent the minimum sized heparin fragments able to interact with GST-Tat at physiological ionic strength. Also, the affinity of binding increases with increasing the molecular size of the oligosaccharides, with large fragments (>/=18 saccharides) approaching the affinity of full-size heparin. 6-Mer heparin binds GST-Tat with a dissociation constant (K(d)) equal to 0.7 +/- 0.4 microM and a molar oligosaccharide:GST-Tat ratio of about 1:1. Interaction of GST-Tat with 22-mer or full-size heparin is consistent instead with two-component binding. At subsaturating concentrations, a single molecule of heparin interacts with 4-6 molecules of GST-Tat with high affinity (K(d) values in the nanomolar range of concentration); at saturating concentrations, heparin binds GST-Tat with lower affinity (K(d) values in the micromolar range of concentration) and a molar oligosaccharide:GST-Tat ratio of about 1:1. In agreement with the binding data, a positive correlation exists between the size of heparin oligosaccharides and their capacity to inhibit cell internalization, long terminal repeat-transactivating activity of extracellular Tat in HL3T1 cells, and its mitogenic activity in murine adenocarcinoma T53 Tat-less cells. The data demonstrate that the modality of heparin-Tat interaction is strongly affected by the size of the saccharide chain. The possibility of establishing multiple interactions increases the affinity of large heparin fragments for Tat protein and the capacity of the glycosaminoglycan to modulate the biological activity of extracellular Tat.
 ...
PMID:Multiple interactions of HIV-I Tat protein with size-defined heparin oligosaccharides. 1049 73

We reported a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patient with a small solitary pulmonary nodule mimicking adenocarcinoma, who was treated successfully with antituberculosis therapy. We believe that high-resolution CT scans of thorax are important examinations to detect pulmonary inflammatory findings, such as ectasis of the bronchi leading to the nodules and calcifications in the nodules, and also as follow-up tests for evaluating effectiveness of treatment on pulmonary inflammatory nodules in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary nodule mimicking lung cancer in a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patient. 1051 45

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous B-lymphotrophic herpesvirus, has been found in the tumor cells of a heterogeneous group of malignancies (Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphomas associated with immunosuppression, other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas, and immunodeficiency-related leiomyosarcoma). As the epidemiologic characteristics of these cancers have not been considered together, this review seeks to relate their incidence patterns and risk factors to EBV biology and virus-host interaction in an attempt to help elucidate factors involved in EBV-related carcinogenesis. We include a brief review of EBV virology and primary infection to provide a biologic context for considering the epidemiology, summarize the most salient epidemiologic features of each malignancy, synthesize epidemiologic data by risk factor to uncover commonalities and informative contrasts across the diseases, and propose hypotheses regarding etiologic mechanisms, based on the possible effect of the risk factors at various stages in the viral life cycle.
 ...
PMID:Epstein-barr virus-associated malignancies: epidemiologic patterns and etiologic implications. 1078 47


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>