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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied whether a two-dose regimen of inactivated influenza virus vaccine was more effective than a single dose in inducing protective hemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants included subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, and HIV-seropositive individuals with either lymphadenopathy only or no symptoms. Control subjects were HIV-seronegative heterosexuals and HIV-seronegative homosexuals. Two doses of inactivated influenza vaccine containing 15 micrograms of the hemagglutinin of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86(H1N1), A/Leningrad/360/86(H3N2), and B/Ann Arbor/1/86 were administered intramuscularly in the deltoid region 1 month apart. The second dose of vaccine did not significantly increase the frequency or magnitude of antibody responses of either HIV-seropositive or HIV-seronegative subjects over that achieved by a single dose. The two-dose regimen induced a protective level (greater than or equal to 1:64) of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to influenza A(H1N1) or (H3N2) virus less often in subjects with symptomatic HIV infection than in uninfected control subjects (39% vs 87% or 46% vs 97%, respectively). Our results suggest that a substantial proportion of individuals with symptomatic HIV infection might remain unprotected from influenza, even after immunization with a two-dose regimen.
JAMA 1989 Aug 11
PMID:The influence of HIV infection on antibody responses to a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine. 278 16

We propose establishing private and public outpatient facilities where persons with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), infection can receive state-of-the-art clinical and behavioral follow-up, treatment, and assistance. The possible advantages of enrolling HIV-1-positive persons into long-term follow-up are early treatment of clinical conditions and resulting gains in life quality and life expectancy, decreased transmission of HIV-1 to uninfected persons, more efficient use of scarce patient-care resources, and improved estimates of the total number of HIV-infected persons. The possible disadvantages of such a program are adverse psychological reactions to knowledge of HIV-1 infection, adverse societal actions against infected persons, and, finally, the economic cost of the program. These facilities, with the proper expertise and safeguards of confidentiality and trust, could prolong and improve the lives of infected persons while preventing infection of others.
JAMA 1989 Nov 10
PMID:Targeting AIDS prevention and treatment toward HIV-1-infected persons. The concept of early intervention. 281 May 84

From 1986 through 1988, the US Navy and US Marine Corps administered 1,956,631 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening tests for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus to 1,070,511 active-duty enlisted and officer personnel. This study identified all persons who had an initial test with negative results. This population was then followed up and those who later tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus were identified as seroconverters. There were 582 seroconversions identified from a total of 987,479 person-years at risk. The age adjusted seroconversion rate and 95% Poisson confidence intervals for navy personnel was 0.69 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.76). Age-adjusted rates in men were 5.0 times those of women. Age-adjusted rates in blacks were 3.7 times those of whites. The age-adjusted seroconversion rate in Marine Corps personnel was 0.28 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.36). Similar demographic patterns were present in the Marine Corps and the US Navy. This study is one of the first reports of incidence of human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion by demographic characteristics in a large, young, and apparently healthy population.
JAMA 1989 Dec 08
PMID:Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in US Navy and Marine Corps personnel, 1986 through 1988. 281 Jun 74

To define the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of oral hairy leukoplakia, 13 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive men with clinical and histologic evidence of oral hairy leukoplakia were enrolled in an open-label trial of orally administered acyclovir therapy (3.2 g/d for 20 days). Of six patients who received therapy, five exhibited clinical regression. Once therapy was discontinued, recurrences occurred in all responders. Among seven patients who refused therapy, no spontaneous remissions occurred. Before therapy, EBV replication within the leukoplakia was demonstrated by immunofluorescence tissue staining or electron microscopy in five patients who were studied. Human papillomavirus was not detected by immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy from tissue specimens of six patients. After therapy, biopsy specimens from two patients with complete responses revealed a normalization of histologic abnormalities and an inability to detect EBV in previously involved mucosa by immunofluorescence or in situ DNA hybridization assays. It was concluded that EBV replication within the epithelial cells of the tongue is necessary for the development of oral hairy leukoplakia.
JAMA 1988 Jan 15
PMID:Regression of oral hairy leukoplakia after orally administered acyclovir therapy. 282 30

Antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) in three sequential serum samples from 62 men who did and 61 men who did not develop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the time of the final (third) serum specimen were studied. Antibody titers to CMV, EBV, and HSV-1 did not significantly rise in or differ between men who did or did not get HIV infection. However, we found that 32 (68%) of 47 HIV seroconverters had antibodies to HSV-2 at the time the third specimen was drawn, whereas only 26 (46%) of 57 men who remained HIV seronegative had HSV-2 antibody positivity. Seroconversion to HSV-2 between any two serum specimens was found in 11 (42%) of the 26 HIV seroconverters but in only five (14%) of 35 men who remained HIV seronegative. The association between HSV-2 seropositivity (or seroconversion) and subsequent or concurrent HIV seroconversion remained when we controlled for factors known to influence HIV infection, including age, number of sexual partners, and percentage of sexual acts involving receptive anal intercourse. These serologic studies do not support the role of CMV, EBV, or HSV-1 in HIV infection but do suggest that HSV-2 infection is a risk factor for subsequent or concurrent HIV infection.
JAMA 1988 Feb 19
PMID:Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection. 282

In an in vitro model, 20 condoms containing 0.9 mL of 6.6% (vol/vol) nonoxynol 9 and ten condoms without nonoxynol 9 were tested as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Each condom was mounted on a hollow dildo and placed in a glass cylinder. The HIV inoculum and HIV-free medium were placed on opposite sites of the condom. Intercourse was simulated by pumping the dildo up and down in the cylinder before and after deliberate rupture of the condom. Samples for HIV culture were taken from outside and inside the condom, before and after rupture. After rupture of nonoxynol 9-containing condoms, an outside nonoxynol 9 concentration of 0.25% was reached. No condom without nonoxynol 9 leaked HIV before rupture, but after rupture HIV could be detected in medium outside of seven of ten condoms tested. In none of 20 nonoxynol 9-containing condoms could HIV be detected in outside medium after rupture. Thus, undamaged condoms provide an effective physical barrier against HIV, and nonoxynol 9 may provide an effective chemical barrier as well.
JAMA 1988 Mar 25
PMID:Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus. 283 Apr 16

Risk for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was evaluated in 100 homosexual or bisexual men from Trinidad. High seropositivity for HTLV-I (15% vs 2.4% in the general population) was linked to duration of homosexuality and numbers of partners, suggesting that HTLV-I, like HIV, can be transmitted by homosexual sex. Forty percent of homosexuals compared with 0.19% of the general population were seropositive for HIV, and sexual contact with US homosexual men and prior history of gonorrhea were major risk factors. The seroprevalence of HIV was three times higher than that for HTLV-I, suggesting that HIV is more efficiently transmitted, especially since HIV appears to have been recently introduced into Trinidad. Altered immune status was prominent in individuals infected with HIV and coinfected with HIV and HTLV-I. Whether HIV/HTLV-I coinfection amplifies clinical effects is a hypothesis that will require further evaluation.
JAMA 1987 May 15
PMID:Transmission of HTLV-I and HIV among homosexual men in Trinidad. 288 30

A questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning AIDS, answered anonymously by 79% of the clinical staff and 67% of the enrolled patients at a methodone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) in New York City revealed that a majority of the staff and patients believe that a voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening program should be offered to all patients and that at least one third of patients are willing to comply voluntarily with screening for and counseling about HIV. Patients enrolled in MMTP clinics reported statistically significant reductions in the number of sex partners and in personal needle sharing during the past year.
JAMA 1989 Jan 13
PMID:HIV screening and counseling for intravenous drug abuse patients. Staff and patient attitudes. 276 Oct 33

The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among inmates of the New York State prison system increased from 15.4 per 100,000 in 1976 through 1978 to 105.5 per 100,000 in 1986. Matching of TB and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome registries indicated that the majority (56%) of inmates with TB reported in 1985 and 1986 had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or human immunodeficiency virus infection; none were known to be human immunodeficiency virus seronegative. A case-control study examined 59 inmates with TB reported from 1984 through 1986 and 59 matched control inmates without TB. Inmates who reported street drug use were more likely to develop TB: odds ratio, 9.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 33.6 and odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 59.3 by unconditional and conditional logistic regression analyses, respectively. Although the majority of cases are thought to be due to reactivation of latent infection, phage typing of 16 Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures suggested the possibility of inmate-to-inmate transmission in at least one cluster of three cases. It is of crucial importance that TB control measures be reinforced in the prison setting to counter the increased risk created by human immunodeficiency virus infection.
JAMA 1989 Jan 20
PMID:Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population. Association with HIV infection. 274 10

Two newborns of mothers carrying hepatitis B and at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection developed HIV-positive test results by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot tests after birth. Both had been administered hepatitis B immune globulin within 48 hours of birth. Serological tests detected HIV antibody as long as 17 days after birth. Both newborns had received lots of hepatitis B immune globulin containing antibody to HIV. While hepatitis B immune globulin cannot transmit HIV infection to recipients, physicians should be aware that administration of older lots of this preparation may result in transiently positive tests for HIV antibody in the recipients. Lots manufactured from screened plasma do not contain antibody to HIV.
JAMA 1989 Jan 20
PMID:Passive transfer of HIV antibody by hepatitis B immune globulin. 273 13


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