Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ten percent pentastarch is a low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch with greater oncotic pressure and shorter intravascular persistence than 6% hetastarch. To evaluate its safety and efficacy as a component of cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution, we prospectively studied 90 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (bubble oxygenator and moderate systemic hypothermia). Sixty patients were randomized to receive 75 gm of either 10% pentastarch (group P) or 25% albumin (group A), and 30 patients received lactated Ringer's solution alone (group C). Intravascular colloid osmotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass was highest with either of the colloid primes (15-minute measurement: group P, 15.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation); group A, 15.2 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; group C, 11.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). This was associated with a lower volume requirement during cardiopulmonary bypass to maintain the venous reservoir (group P, 333 +/- 318 ml; group A, 483 +/- 472 ml; group C, 1332 +/- 1013 ml; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass was similar in each group. Net intraoperative fluid balance was lowest in the colloid groups (groups P and A, 5.7 +/- 1.4 L; group C, 6.9 +/- 1.3 L; p less than 0.05, groups P and A compared with group C). Cardiac index shortly after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was greatest in group P (group P, 3.2 +/- 0.9; group A, 2.8 +/- 0.8; group C, 2.7 +/- 0.6 dyne.sec.cm-5; p less than 0.05, group P compared with group C). Changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients, shunt fraction, and effective compliance were similar in all groups. During cardiopulmonary bypass, pentastarch appeared to cause the greatest degree of hemodilution, as suggested by the lowest hemoglobin, factor VII and IX levels and platelet count. The activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged during and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass in group P relative to groups A and C (p less than 0.05), although there were no significant differences in the activated clotting time before cardiopulmonary bypass, during cardiopulmonary bypass, or after heparin neutralization. As well, clinical indices of hemostasis, including mediastinal drainage, red cell, platelet, and fresh frozen plasma requirements, and reoperation for excessive postoperative bleeding, were similar. We conclude that pentastarch, when used in cardiopulmonary bypass prime, is as safe as either albumin or Ringer's solution alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The safety and efficacy of ten percent pentastarch as a cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution. A randomized clinical trial. 137 60

The calorigenic effect of feeding and its potential benefit in defraying thermoregulatory costs and attenuating immersion hypothermia of adult muskrats were investigated. A single session of feeding on aquatic vegetation was sufficient to raise the metabolic rate of muskrats for a period of at least 5 h. The peak postprandial rate of oxygen consumption averaged 1.42 times the level established for fasted animals, and the heat increment of feeding accounted for about 40% of the metabolizable energy intake of muskrats. There was no evidence of a postprandial rise in oxygen consumption of muskrats that entered water at 18-19 degrees C after feeding. In aquatic trials, average and minimum steady-state oxygen consumption rates of fed muskrats were similar to, or even lower than values recorded from fasted animals, implying substitution of heat increment of feeding for thermoregulatory heat production. Our data did not support the hypothesis that heat increment of feeding retards body cooling in water. Net body temperature decline in water was actually higher in fed animals than in fasted controls. However, since previously fed muskrats also entered water at an elevated body temperature, the final body temperature (at 30 min immersion) was similar in all groups. These findings suggest that metabolic heat generated incidental to preimmersion feeding could provide a thermoregulatory benefit to muskrats by reducing the need for active thermogenesis in water.
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PMID:Heat increment of feeding and its thermoregulatory benefit in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). 805 80

Cardiac surgery often necessitates transfusion of homologous blood. Hemoglobin based oxygen carrying solutions (HBOCs) transport oxygen, suggesting use in cardiopulmonary bypass. HBOC was used in a novel oxygenator double-reservoir circuit that permits acute sequestration of a portion of the autologous blood volume during bypass. Two groups of seven mongrel dogs each were studied in an experimental bypass model using global myocardial ischemia and cardioplegia protection: HBOC group, initial venous return drained to a separate reservoir and hypothermic bypass was conducted with HBOC containing perfusate in a second bypass reservoir; Control group, crystalloid prime in a conventional circuit. Hemodynamics and metabolic and hematologic parameters were measured before and 60 min after aortic clamp removal and reinfusion of sequestered autologous blood. Blood gases, base excess, hematocrit, total hemoglobin, and platelet counts were measured. In the HBOC group, metabolic acidosis did not occur, and ventricular function was preserved. Net conservation of platelets was noted at study conclusion: control 33+/-13 x 10(3) per mm3 versus HBOC 48+/-13 x 10(3), p < 0.05. HBOC based priming in a double venous reservoir system permits bypass at very low hematocrit, with preservation of cardiac function. Net conservation of the platelet mass occurs, a portion of which is not exposed to the deleterious effects of hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass.
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PMID:Autologous blood sequestration using a double venous reservoir bypass circuit and polymerized hemoglobin prime. 1214 73

In experimentally induced myocardial ischemia, mild hypothermia (33-35 degrees C) has a robust cardioprotective effect. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a profibrinolytic enzyme that is released from the vascular endothelial cells in response to ischemia and other injurious stimuli. t-PA has also been found to have proinflammatory properties that could contribute to reperfusion injury. We postulated that hypothermia could attenuate t-PA release in the setting of myocardial ischemia. Sixteen 25-30 kg pigs were anesthetized and a temperature of 37 degrees C was established using an intravascular cooling/warming catheter. The pigs were then randomized to hypothermia (34 degrees C) or control (37 degrees C). A doppler flow wire was placed distal to a percutaneous coronary intervention balloon positioned immediately distal to the first diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The LAD was then occluded for 10 min in all pigs. Coronary blood flow and t-PA was measured before, during and after ischemia/reperfusion. t-PA was measured in peripheral arterial blood and locally in the venous blood from the coronary sinus. Net t-PA release over the coronary bed was calculated by subtraction of arterial values from coronary sinus values. An estimate of differences in total t-PA release was calculated by multiplying net t-PA release with the relative increase in flow compared to baseline, measured in relative units consisting of ((ng/ml - ng/ml) x (cm/s/cm/s)). There was no observed difference in t-PA levels in peripheral arterial samples. As shown previously, net t-PA release increased during reperfusion. Hypothermia significantly inhibited the increase in t-PA release during reperfusion (peak value 9.44 +/- 4.34 ng/ml vs. 0.79 +/- 0.45 ng/ml, P = 0.02). The effect was even more prominent when an estimation of total t-PA release was performed with mean peak value in the control group 26-fold higher than in the hypothermia group (69.74 +/- 33.86 units vs. 2.62 +/- 1.10 units, P = 0.01). Mild hypothermia markedly reduces ischemia related coronary tissue plasminogen activator release. The reduction of t-PA release may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of hypothermia.
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PMID:Mild hypothermia markedly reduces ischemia related coronary t-PA release. 1949 90