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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothermic response following intraperitoneal doses (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) of cobaltous chloride was investigated in Swiss albino mice. The magnitude and duration of rectal temperature depression were dose related. In each case, maximal hypothermia was evident within 30 min after injection. Body temperature depression was noted 30 min after oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intracerebral administration of cobaltous chloride. Cobalt was most active when administered intracerebrally, suggesting a central component to the thermolytic response. Rectal temperature depression following cobaltous chloride was dependent on the ambient temperature. The time course of the effect of cobaltous chloride on rectal and cutaneous tail temperature was noted. Cutaneous tail temperature depression occurred throughout the rectal temperature response, suggesting that cobalt may decrease heat production. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate, hexamethonium bromide, or nicotine failed to modify the temperature response to cobalt. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride pretreatment resulted in a partial antagonism of cobalt-induced hypothermia, presumably through a mechanism other than cholinergic blockade.
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PMID:Cobaltous choride-induced hypothermia in mice I: effect of pretreatment with anticholinergic drugs. 66 Apr 60

If large amounts of bromide-containing hypnotics are taken together, the tablets may conglomerate in the stomach. Because of the bromide, this is radiologically demonstrable. Conventional gastric lavage does not remove such conglomerates. In order to prevent long-term late absorption with serious complications such as hypothermia, shock-lung and renal failure, previously only gastrotomy had been an effective treatment. But using gastroscopy with lavage and aspiration, such conglomerates can be removed within one to three hours. Fifteen patients in whom this technique was used were rousable within 24 hours, significantly shortening the period of intoxication. At the same time, complications may be avoided. This is also true in instances where the tablet dosage would otherwise have been fetal.
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PMID:[Radiological evidence and removal of tablet conglomerates in intoxication with bromide-containing hypnotics (author's transl)]. 89 16

This study examined the effects of an oral 30-mg dose of pyridostigmine bromide (PYR) on thermoregulatory and physiological responses of men undergoing cold stress. Six men were immersed in cold water (20 degrees C) for up to 180 min on two occasions, once each 2 h after ingestion of PYR and 2 h after ingestion of a placebo. With PRY, erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition was 33 +/- 12% (SD) 110 min postingestion (10 min preimmersion) and 30 +/- 7% at termination of exposure (mean 117 min). Percent cholinesterase inhibition was significantly related to lean body mass (r = -0.91, P less than 0.01). Abdominal discomfort caused termination in three of six PYR experiments but in none of the control experiments (mean exposure time 142 min). During immersion, metabolic rate, ventilatory volume, and respiratory rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) over preimmersion levels and metabolic rate increased with duration of immersion (P less than 0.01) in both treatment but did not differ between conditions. PYR had no significant effect on rectal temperature, mean body temperature, thermal sensations, heart rate, plasma cortisol, or change in plasma volume. It was concluded that a 30-mg dose of PYR does not increase an individual's susceptibility to hypothermia during cold water immersion; however, in combination with cold stress, PYR may result in marked abdominal cramping and limit cold tolerance.
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PMID:Effects of pyridostigmine bromide on human thermoregulation during cold water immersion. 193 14

The mechanism of sodium fluoride (NaF) induced hypothermia was investigated on relations between the monoamine synthesis and metabolism in the rabbit brain. Five male rabbits per a group, weighing about 2.5kg and having rectal temperatures of 38.4 to 39.3 degrees C, were used in this experiment. The rectal temperature measurements were made by means of an electric thermometer for 5 hours at intervals of 15 or 30 minutes. Through this experiment, animals were housed in a room kept at 22 to 23 degrees C. The following drugs were used in this experiment: NaF (40 mg/kg i.v.), barbital sodium (0.1 g/kg s.c.), hexamethonium bromide (C6, 10 mg/kg i.v.), ergotamine tartrate (30 mg/kg s.c.), phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg i.v.), propranolol hydrochloride (5 mg/kg s.c.), pindolol (0.3 mg/kg s.c.), atropine sulfate (30 mg/kg s.c.), 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP, 20 mg/kg i.v.), l-DOPA (20 mg/kg i.v.), 5-HTP (20 mg/kg i.v.) Results 1. Intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg of NaF induced a drop of 0.66 degrees C in rectal temperature. 2. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of barbital sodium or 10 mg/kg of C6 prominently inhibited the NaF-induced hypothermia. 3. The alpha-blockade caused by ergotamine tartrate and phenoxybenzamine or the beta blockade by propranolol hydrochloride and pindolol resulted in an approximate 50% inhibition of maximum drop in body temperature induced by NaF administration. Both alpha- and beta-blockades caused by ergotamine tartrate and propranolol or by phenoxybenzamine and pindolol, however, made a remarkable inhibition of the NaF effect. Cholinergic blockade brought on by atropine sulfate, on the other hand, had no effect against NaF-induced hypothermia. 4. Bilateral splanchnicotomy completely inhibited drops in rectal temperature. 5. Intravenous injection of NaF 40 mg/kg failed to counteract the rise of rectal temperature caused by DNP 20 mg/kg. 6. Pretreatment with l-DOPA made a prominent inhibition of NaF-induced hypothermia. The inhibiting effects of 5-HTP, however, were slight. 7. Administration of NaF made a significant decrease in norepinephrine levels in the rabbit hypothalamus, but had no effect on 5-HT levels.
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PMID:[The rabbit thermo-regulatory system. Effects of high dose of sodium fluoride]. 262 92

The coexistence of hypothermia and hemodilution in patients in the intensive care unit immediately postoperatively after coronary artery bypass graft operations presents concerns regarding the adequacy of hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism. We evaluated the hemodynamic status and oxygen metabolism during the postoperative recovery period in six patients with moderate hemodilution (hematocrit value 34% +/- 3%) and in eight patients with marked hemodilution (hematocrit value 23% +/- 2%). All patients were well sedated and paralyzed with pancuronium bromide during the study period, during which their body temperature was slowly returning toward normal. In both groups, cardiac index at 34 degrees C was about 40% lower than at 37 degrees C. This was associated with 50% higher systemic vascular resistance and 30% lower oxygen availability to tissue. Oxygen consumption, however, was proportionally lower (45%) and coronary perfusion pressure was higher (28%) at 34 degrees C than at 37 degrees C; thus neither mixed venous nor coronary sinus blood oxygen saturation was compromised under hypothermic conditions. Although the trends in hemodynamic changes were similar in both groups, cardiac indices in patients with marked hemodilution were higher than cardiac indices in those with moderate hemodilution at all temperatures. This observation indicates that the hemodilution-induced rise in cardiac index remains intact even under hypothermic conditions. Under the conditions we studied, hypothermia with or without hemodilution had no significant adverse effects on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolisms of the whole body or of the heart.
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PMID:Effects of hypothermia and hemodilution on oxygen metabolism and hemodynamics in patients recovering from coronary artery bypass operations. 278 70

The effect of pentobarbital therapy was studied prospectively in 31 nearly drowned children in a flaccid state of coma. Each child was assigned to one of two sequential treatment groups. Group A: 16 children were treated with hypothermia and IV pentobarbital, achieving serum levels greater than 25 mu/mL within 48 hours of admission. Group B: 15 children were treated with hypothermia but no pentobarbital. All patients received "conventional therapy" (ie, PaCO2 20 to 25 mm Hg, PaO2 90 to 100 mm Hg, fluid restriction, pancuronium bromide, and furosemide or mannitol). Analysis of variance failed to detect differences for age, estimated time of submersion, arterial pH, core temperature, and mean intracranial pressure between the patients prior to treatment with pentobarbital. In Group A, six patients (37%) recovered completely and were neurologically intact, six patients (37%) had severe brain damage and four patients (26%) died. In Group B, six patients (40%) recovered completely, six patients (40%) survived with brain damage, and three patients (20%) died. There were no statistical differences between the two groups (P greater than .05, chi 2 analysis) for the mortality rate, survival with brain damage, and complete recovery. The results suggest that: (1) pentobarbital therapy does not improve neurologic outcome for nearly drowned, flaccid-comatose children; (2) previous claims implying better outcome with hypothermia combined with pentobarbital therapy may be attributed to the effect of hypothermia alone; and (3) pentobarbital therapy may not be justified in nearly drowned, flaccid-comatose victims.
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PMID:Pentobarbital therapy does not improve neurologic outcome in nearly drowned, flaccid-comatose children. 335 24

Water contents of the various body compartments were estimated before and after a 7- to 10-h period of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in five healthy baboon neonates. Total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume were estimated simultaneously by antipyrine, bromide, and T-1824 dilution. Volumes of intracellular water, interstitial water, and blood and red cells were calculated from the experimental estimates. Mean preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation estimates of body water volume were in agreement with those previously reported in baboon neonates. During extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, no statistically significant changes occurred in the water content of the various body compartments. This absence of changes was contrasted to the changes demonstrated in human infants and adults undergoing intracardiac surgery with extracorporeal oxygenation and hypothermia and various hypotheses were put forward to explain the different changes observed.
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PMID:Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on body water content and distribution of baboon neonates. 371 47

The organotin compound, triethyltin (TET), produces toxic effects in a variety of physiological systems. Thermoregulatory control appears to be especially susceptible to TET toxicity, since TET administration has been shown to cause a pronounced hypothermia in rats. To further elucidate effects of TET on thermoregulation, we measured metabolic rate, evaporative water loss (EWL), body temperature, and preferred ambient temperature (Ta) of mice treated intraperitoneally with TET (bromide salt). At a Ta of 23 to 24 degrees C, TET (6 and 8 mg/kg) inhibited metabolic rate by 23 and 66%, respectively. TET resulted in hypothermia at Ta's of 20 and 30 degrees C but not 35 degrees C. TET had little effect on EWL. Mice given TET at doses of 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg selected a cooler Ta (ca. 25 degrees C) compared to controls (ca. 29 degrees C). Thus, the mice selected a Ta associated with a hypothermic body temperature. At a relatively cool Ta, mice treated with TET had a reduced rate of heat production and, consequently, were hypothermic. At a relatively warm Ta, TET had no effect on heat production and did not increase active heat dissipation (i.e., EWL), thus the mice remained normothermic. The behavioral data indicate that TET evokes a type of regulated hypothermia in mice.
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PMID:Effect of triethyltin on autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation of mice. 671 68

Eight halogenated derivatives of cannabinol (CBN) substituted on the aromatic ring at the 2 and/or 4 position were synthesized and their pharmacological effects were evaluated by intracerebroventricular injection (50 micrograms/mouse) in mice, using hypothermia, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, catalepsy and anticonvulsant effect as indices. The hypothermic effects of monohalogenated derivatives of CBN were comparable to that of CBN, whereas the effects of dihalogenated derivatives of CBN except for the fluorinated derivative were attenuated. In the interaction with pentobarbital, two monochlorinated derivatives exhibited a significant prolongation of sleeping time, although other derivatives did not significantly affect the sleeping time. The cataleptogenic effects of monofluoro- and 4-bromo-CBN were stronger than that of CBN. 4-Bromo-CBN exhibited a significant prolongation of seizure latency induced by pentylenetetrazol. These data suggest that halogenation of CBN modifies the pharmacological profile of the cannabinoid.
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PMID:Synthesis and pharmacological effects in mice of halogenated cannabinol derivatives. 772 37

ApolipoproteinE (ApoE) genotype has recently been identified as a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the mechanism(s) by which ApoE isoforms influence this disease remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that mice deficient in ApoE may exhibit impaired central cholinergic function. Since this neurotransmitter system has traditionally been associated with the pathogenesis of AD, we have further investigated the impact of ApoE gene deletion on this system. Female ApoE knockout (ko) mice, age 12 months, were compared with wild type littermate controls using a range of behavioural, biochemical and histochemical techniques. Pre-treatment with the cholinomimetic, donepezil (E2020; 2.5-5 mg kg-1 IP), produced significant hypothermia and induction of tremor in both wild type and ApoE ko mice. The magnitude of change did not significantly differ between the groups. Cognitive testing in the Morris water maze revealed that both wild type and ApoE ko mice could learn the location of a hidden escape platform with similar rates of acquisition and accuracy. Similarly, the behaviour of both genotypes proved indistinguishable in a Y-maze spontaneous alteration procedure. The protocols used for both cognitive tests were then shown to be sensitive to the disruptive effects of scopolamine (but not scopolamine methyl bromide). Following behavioural testing, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was measured in the hippocampus, frontal and entorhinal cortex and striatum. In each case there was no difference between the genotypes. In addition, coronal sections of striatum and anterior hippocampal regions of ApoE ko and wild type mice showed similar patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, with no qualitative or obvious quantitative difference. Finally, analysis of plasma cholesterol levels confirmed ApoE genotype. In conclusion, using a combination of behavioural, histochemical and biochemical measurements, we have failed to detect any significant differences in central cholinergic activity between wild type and ApoE ko mice.
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PMID:Absence of central cholinergic deficits in ApoE knockout mice. 926 10


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