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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fetal rat neocortex grafted into lesion cavities made in the newborn rat neocortex can exchange multiple axonal connections with the host brain. Most previous studies demonstrating efferent transplant-to-host brain connections have used fluorescent retrograde tracers injected into the host brain (Castro et al. 1985, 1987; Floeter and Jones 1984; O'Leary and Stanfield 1989). Other studies have used anterograde axonal tracing with either tritium-labelled amino acids impregnating the transplant and its efferents (Floeter and Jones 1985) or horseradish peroxidase injected into the transplants (Chang et al. 1984, 1986). In the present study we used the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to examine in detail the course and termination of the efferent neocortical graft fibers. Twenty-six newborn rats had the right frontal cortex forepaw area removed by vacuum aspiration, while anesthetized by hypothermia. A piece of fetal frontal cortex 14-16 embryonic days old (E14-16) was immediately thereafter placed in the lesion, and the recipient rats allowed to survive for 5-7 months. At this time the rats were reoperated under sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia and the transplants iontophoretically injected with PHA-L. Two weeks later the animals were again anesthetized, perfused, and processed for PHA-L immunocytochemistry and routine histology. Analysis of acetylcholinesterase- (AChE) and Nissl-stained sections showed graft survival in 19 of the 26 animals used in this study. When these 19 brains were processed for PHA-L immunocytochemistry, 5 of them were found with certainty to have the PHA-L injection confined to the transplant. Based on these cases PHA-L-reactive fibers arising from labelled transplant neurons were traced into the ipsilateral host neocortex adjacent to the transplant and found to project through the subcortical white matter to the ipsilateral parietal neocortical area 1, and claustrum. Callosal fibers were traced to the contralateral frontal neocortical forelimb and parietal areas. Transplant fibers were also observed to descend through the caudate putamen in the dispersed fiber bundles of the internal capsule to distribute as terminal branches and varicose fibers within the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, and intermediate gray of the superior colliculus, as well as in the pontine gray. Similar fibers and terminations were present in the caudate putamen, the reticular, ventrobasal, centrolateral, posterior, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Projections from fetal neocortical transplants placed in the frontal neocortex of newborn rats. A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tracing study. 149 66

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of hypothermia and pentobarbital anesthesia, alone and in combination, on the brain-stem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) of rats. In experiment I, unanesthetized rats were cooled to colonic temperatures 0.5 and 1.0 degrees C below normal. In experiment II, 2 groups of rats were cooled and tested at 37.5, 36.0, 34.5 and 31.5 degrees C. One group was anesthetized during testing and the other group was awake. The rat BAER was sensitive to cooling of 1 degree C or less. Peak latencies were prolonged and peak-to-peak amplitudes were increased by hypothermia alone. The effect on amplitude may be related to the time course of temperature change or to stimulus level. Pentobarbital significantly affected both latencies and amplitudes over and above the effects of cooling. The specific effects of pentobarbital differed by BAER peak and by temperature. The findings point up the importance of the potential confound of anesthetic drugs in most of the evoked potential literature on hypothermia and, for the first time, quantify the complex interactions between pentobarbital and temperature which affect the BAER wave form.
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PMID:Differential impact of hypothermia and pentobarbital on brain-stem auditory evoked responses. 171 67

The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia on spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnoea (autoresuscitation) was investigated in SWR/J mice. Experiments were performed in 17 to 23 day old animals, in which the mechanism often fails, and in adults, in which it is usually successful. Mice, matched for age and weight, were injected with pentobarbital (62.5 mg/kg) or saline. Hypoxic apnoea was induced with 97% N2-3% CO2 and air given at its onset. To determine whether the effect of pentobarbital depended on hypothermia, we performed experiments in 17-23-day-olds with and without maintenance of body temperature. In the 'hypothermic' experiments one of 27 mice given pentobarbital died, compared with 10 of 22 controls (P less than 0.005). In the 'isothermic experiments', none of 15 mice given pentobarbital died, compared to 7 of 13 controls (P less than 0.005). All adults in both groups survived. Pentobarbital had a different effect on eupnoea and gasping: resting ventilation was depressed but gasp ventilation increased, and the duty cycle of gasps but not eupnoeic breaths was altered. Pentobarbital may facilitate autoresuscitation because gasping is unimpaired but oxygen consumption and lactate production are reduced, allowing cardiac function and cerebral survival until PO2 is restored.
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PMID:Effect of pentobarbital on spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnoea in mice. 192 12

The effect of ethanol and pentobarbital on in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity and its relationship to drug-induced alterations of thermoregulation was examined in long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice. Serotonin function was measured in both the presence and absence of ethanol or pentobarbital in six discrete brain regions. Differences in basal levels of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid or in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) activity were found only in the hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nuclei (SS slightly higher). Ethanol (4.2 g/kg i.p) caused significant reductions in in vivo TpH activity in the dorsal and pontine-medullary raphe nuclei and hypothalamus (putative thermoregulatory areas) in both LS (50-60% decrease) and SS (15-30% decrease) mice, but it had no effect on TpH activity in the striatum, cortex or hippocampus. The greater degree of ethanol-induced reduction in TpH activity in LS mice was associated with a greater degree of hypothermia (LS, 4.2 degrees C vs SS, 2.0 degrees C). Pentobarbital had equivalent effects in LS and SS mice on TpH activity in central nervous system thermoregulatory areas (decreases of 40-60%) and on body temperature (decreases of 6.8-7.5 degrees C). When the mice were given ethanol at an elevated environmental temperature (34 degrees C) the hypothermia was almost abolished completely, but depressant effects on TpH activity remained, suggesting that ethanol-induced decreases in TpH activity were direct effects and not secondary to hypothermia. Alterations in ethanol or pentobarbital elimination did not appear to account for the observed differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Serotoninergic involvement in ethanol-induced alterations of thermoregulation in long-sleep and short-sleep mice. 194 31

The development of behavioral tolerance to pentobarbital-induced hypothermia, as separable from cellular and metabolic tolerance, was established. Pentobarbital (PB) was administered to 4 groups of rats, 2 groups of which received intermittent (INT) IP PB treatment. One of these groups, INT/EXP, experienced the hypothermic (measured as rectal body temperature) drug effect after PB injection. The other group, INT/NONEXP, was monitored for body temperature functions (room temperature) before receiving PB (vehicle administration) and then prevented from experiencing PB-induced hypothermia by maintenance of body temperature with a towel wrap restraint and a heating lamp. The INT/EXP group also received equivalent exposure to this towel wrap after vehicle administration. Two other groups received chronic PB treatment (IP and in ground chow), one with experience for hypothermia after injections (CHR/EXP) and one prevented from experiencing the hypothermia (CHR/NONEXP). These groups also received equivalent exposure to the body temperature (at room temperature) testing and towel wrap restraint, EXP rats after vehicle injections and NONEXP after drug injections. A postchronic test of all groups compared the extent of PB hypothermia to prechronic test effects to assess the degree of tolerance. The INT/EXP group demonstrated behavioral tolerance for PB-induced hypothermia, as contrasted with the INT/NONEXP group which demonstrated little or no tolerance. Prominent tolerance was noted in both chronic groups for PB hypothermia, without a significant difference between them. After the postchronic test, chronic treatment was discontinued for 9 days (withdrawal) followed by 9 days of extinction training (vehicle behavioral testing). The two intermittent groups demonstrated no change in the hypothermic drug response during the postwithdrawal and postextinction drug tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cellular and learned tolerances for pentobarbital hypothermia. 194 65

The effects of the general anaesthetics pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, and halothane on interstitial concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) in rat striatum were determined using in vivo microdialysis. All 3 anaesthetics decreased ACh. Emergence from anaesthesia coincided with a recovery of ACh to about 80% of basal values. Pentobarbital increased choline in a profile that was the mirror image of ACh. Chloral hydrate had a biphasic effect on choline, consisting of a shortlasting (20 min) initial decrease followed by an increase. When halothane anaesthetized rats were subjected to forced hypothermia by placing them on ice for 30 min, ACh release was further depressed whereas choline was greatly increased. These finding demonstrate that general anaesthetics decrease extracellular concentrations of ACh in the rat striatum and that this effect can be exacerbated by hypothermia.
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PMID:The effects of anaesthesia and hypothermia on interstitial concentrations of acetylcholine and choline in rat striatum. 204 72

Hypothermia and motor impairment (tilt-plane test) were used to assess the phenomenon of rapid cross-tolerance between ethanol and pentobarbital in rats. The hypothermic and motor-impairment responses were significantly reduced on day 2 in animals receiving ethanol on day 1, compared to the control group pretreated with saline. Ethanol pretreatment, however, did not result in rapid cross-tolerance to pentobarbital on either test. Pentobarbital pretreatment on day 1 resulted in rapid tolerance to pentobarbital on day 2. However, in contrast to the lack of rapid cross-tolerance to pentobarbital after pretreatment with ethanol, pentobarbital pretreatment clearly conferred rapid cross-tolerance to ethanol. Determination of ethanol and pentobarbital blood levels suggested that pharmacokinetic alterations did not contribute significantly to the observed rapid tolerance and cross-tolerance. The asymmetry of rapid cross-tolerance seen in these studies mimics the results obtained by us in chronic tolerance and cross-tolerance studies reported recently. These results suggest that rapid tolerance and cross-tolerance can be used as predictors of chronic tolerance and cross-tolerance.
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PMID:Rapid tolerance as an index of chronic tolerance. 205 11

Pentobarbital reduces cerebral radiation toxicity; however, the mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown. As an anesthetic and depressant of cerebral metabolism, pentobarbital induces its effects on the central nervous system by stimulating the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to its receptor and by inhibiting postsynaptic excitatory amino acid activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these actions as well as other aspects of the radioprotective activity of pentobarbital. Fischer 344 rats were separated into multiple groups and underwent two dose-response evaluations. In one set of experiments to examine the relationship of radioprotection to pentobarbital dose, a range of pentobarbital doses (0 to 75 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneally prior to a constant-level radiation dose (70 Gy). In a second series of experiments to determine the dose-response relationship of radiation protection to radiation dose, a range of radiation doses (10 to 90 Gy) were given with a single pentobarbital dose (60 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Further groups of animals were used to evaluate the importance of the timing of pentobarbital administration, the function of the (+) and (-) isomers of pentobarbital, and the role of an alternative GABA agonist (diazepam). In addition, the potential protective effects of alternative methods of anesthesia (ketamine) and induction of cerebral hypometabolism (hypothermia) were examined. Enhancement of survival time from acute radiation injury due to high-dose single-fraction whole-brain irradiation was maximal with 60 mg/kg of pentobarbital, and occurred over the range of all doses examined between 30 to 90 Gy. Protection was seen only in animals that received the pentobarbital before irradiation. Administration of other compounds that enhance GABA binding (Saffan and diazepam) also significantly enhanced survival time. Ketamine and hypothermia were without protective effect. Protection from acute radiation-induced mortality by pentobarbital in the rat model is a reproducible phenomenon and is associated with the GABA agonistic activity of the compound. This property of GABA agonists offers the potential for a novel approach to enhancement of the efficacy of radiation therapy in the treatment of brain tumors.
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PMID:Cerebral radioprotection by pentobarbital: dose-response characteristics and association with GABA agonist activity. 215 27

Recent reports conflict on the effect that pentobarbital anesthesia has on basal glucose turnover in the rat. It is also unclear whether pentobarbital alters insulin suppressibility of hepatic glucose production (Ra). We examined these issues by performing basal and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies in anesthetized and conscious animals. Ra and glucose utilization (Rd) were estimated using a steady-state infusion of 3-[3H]glucose. Pentobarbital anesthesia in normothermic rats transiently elevated plasma glucose but resulted in a sustained suppression of basal Ra (10.4 +/- 0.3 vs. conscious 13.2 +/- 0.9 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.05). In the insulin-stimulated state (110 mU/l), despite similar plasma glucose and insulin levels, clamp glucose infusion rate was significantly reduced in anesthetized animals (11.1 +/- 0.9 vs. conscious 23.6 +/- 1.3 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.001). This can be attributed to both a significantly lower insulin-stimulated Rd (15.4 +/- 1.3 vs. conscious 22.8 +/- 1.4 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.005) and reduced insulin suppression of Ra (4.3 +/- 0.8 vs. conscious -0.8 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.001; i.e., anesthetized 59% vs. conscious 100% reduction of basal Ra). Thus pentobarbital anesthesia significantly reduces basal Ra and induces hepatic insulin resistance (reduces Ra suppressibility). Pentobarbital effects are not dependent on induced hypothermia, but this exacerbates the metabolic perturbation. Caution should be used in extrapolating from the anesthetized to the conscious state.
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PMID:Pentobarbital reduces basal liver glucose output and its insulin suppression in rats. 218 51

Long-term effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on body temperature responses to pentobarbital and diazepam and to either drug in combination with ethanol were studied in adult rats who were the offspring of dams fed a 5.0% w/v ethanol-containing liquid diet during the last 2 weeks of gestation. Adult offspring of pair-fed and chow-fed dams served as nutritional and normal controls, respectively. Pentobarbital (6.25-25.0 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) produced significantly greater dose-related hypothermic responses in females than males. Following either pentobarbital or diazepam administration female prenatally ethanol-exposed (E) rats responded with a greater fall in body temperature than the controls. Significantly greater hypothermia occurred in both male and female E rats than in controls when ethanol (1.5 g/kg) was administered together with pentobarbital or diazepam. However, the drug combinations did not produce additive effects on body temperature in any prenatal treatment group. Pentobarbital produced acute cross-tolerance to ethanol while diazepam potentiated ethanol's effect. These studies confirm and extend our previous findings of enhanced hypothermic responses to ethanol in adult rats exposed to ethanol in utero and indicate that maternal alcohol consumption produces long-term effects on the central thermoregulatory systems of offspring.
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PMID:Prenatal ethanol exposure affects temperature responses of adult rats to pentobarbital and diazepam alone and in combination with ethanol. 330 89


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