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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Concentrations of catecholamines in vitreous fluid and urine in guinea pigs dying of cold and the effects of freezing and autolysis on these parameters were studied. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Noradrenaline (NA) concentration in vitreous fluid was more than 20 times higher in the cold exposed animals than in controls (44.2 +/- 9.2 versus 2.0 +/- 1.0 ng/mL). Autolysis alone caused an increase to 33.5 +/- 7.7 ng/mL, and freezing alone to 13.4 +/- 5.3 ng/mL. The highest values were in the group with exposure, freezing, and autolysis. Adrenaline (A) concentration in the vitreous fluid increased fourfold (3.9 +/- 1.5 versus 0.7 +/- 0.5 ng/mL) in cold exposure and twofold as a result of autolysis. Dopamine (DA) concentration in vitreous fluid was elevated only in the group with exposure, freezing, and autolysis. The increase of NA concentration in urine was fivefold during the whole exposure (from 19.4 +/- 6.9 to 109 +/- 57.3 ng/mL), but A was increased by twentyfold (from 10 +/- 5.1 to 213.2 +/- 168.7 ng/mL), whereas DA concentration did not change. The increase of average excretion of NA to urine was eightfold during the first 6 h of exposure, and that of A tenfold. According to the present results, elevated concentrations of catecholamines in the vitreous fluid and urine can be used as a diagnostic aid for hypothermia death. Concerning the values of noradrenaline in the vitreous, the increase as a result of autolysis must be taken in account when interpreting the results.
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PMID:Catecholamines in the vitreous fluid and urine of guinea pigs dying of cold and the effect of postmortem freezing and autolysis. 378 3

The pharmacological properties of MO-8282 (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-9H-dibenzo [3,4: 6,7]cyclohepta [1,2-c]pyridine maleate) as an antidepressant were investigated. At doses 10 times less than those of amitriptyline, MO-8282 showed similar potencies in reducing the duration of immobility during forced swimming in rats and in potentiating stereotype induced by L-DOPA. Intermediate doses of MO-8282 reduced the duration of immobility during forced swimming, in mice as well, suppressed muricide behavior of olfactory-bulbectomized rats and antagonized clonidine-induced suppression of exploratory activity in mice. MO-8282 moderately antagonized the ptosis but not the hypothermia induced by reserpine in mice. MO-8282 exhibited weak antagonism against the tremor, lacrimation and diarrhea induced by tremorine, but its activity was milder than that of amitriptyline. The uptake of noradrenaline into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes was inhibited by MO-8282 at concentrations 20 times less than equally effective doses of amitriptyline, but the uptake of dopamine or serotonin was unaffected by MO-8282. A single oral administration of MO-8282 at a dose of 30 mg/kg accelerated noradrenaline turnover, but did not affect dopamine and serotonin turnover in the rat brain. MO-8282 strongly inhibited noradrenaline-, histamine- or adenosine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity of guinea pig brain. Its mode of action differed from that of imipramine, rather resembling that of mianserin. MO-8282 did not affect monoamine oxidase activity of rat liver. These results suggest that the pharmacological characteristics of MO-8282 are different from those of tricyclic antidepressants and rather similar to those of mianserin, but more potent. The results, therefore, indicate that MO-8282 is possibly a novel antidepressant.
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PMID:[Pharmacological properties of MO-8282, a novel antidepressant]. 379 61

The effects of hypothermia and hypoglycaemia on adrenal catecholamines and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were compared in control and carbon disulphide (CS2) exposed rats 24 h after the last of ten daily 4 h inhalation exposures to CS2, 2 mg 1(-1) air. Animals were either kept in a cold room (0 degrees C) for 210 min with or without immobilization or were injected with insulin 100 u kg-1. Before these treatments CS2 exposed rats had more dopamine and less adrenaline in their adrenals than controls, and CS2 exposure also elevated the adrenal synthesis of catecholamines. Cold with immobilization or insulin treatment depressed the adrenal adrenaline content and increased the plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline. There were no consistent differences between control and CS2 exposed rats. The adrenal dopamine content increased during cold exposure with immobilization or after insulin treatment both in CS2 exposed and control rats. The increase was smaller in CS2 exposed rats but the final dopamine values were nearly identical in the two groups. Exposure to cold (without immobilization) increased the adrenal dopamine content and the rate of catecholamine synthesis in control, but not in CS2 exposed rats. The increase in controls was less than the difference between the pre-cold exposure values of control and CS2 exposed rats. It is concluded that the elevation of adrenal dopamine content and catecholamine synthesis in CS2 exposed rats satisfy part of the demand placed on the adrenal medulla by hypothermia and hypoglycaemia. Consequently the changes induced by the latter treatments were smaller in CS2 exposed than in non-exposed rats. Moreover, when CS2 exposed rats were subjected to cold stress without immobilization their catecholamine synthesis was higher than the level measured in control rats after cold exposure.
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PMID:Carbon disulphide exposure affects the response of rat adrenal medulla to hypothermia and hypoglycaemia. 388 75

Ro 11-2465 (cianopramine, cyan-imipramine) and citalopram (CIT), putative antidepressant drugs, are very potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitors in vitro. This study investigated the effects of these drugs and their desmethyl metabolites, Ro 12-5419 (desmethylcianopramine, cyan-desipramine) and desmethylcitalopram (DCIT), respectively, on the uptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline (NA) in vivo [protection against H 77/77 (4, alpha-dimethyl-metatyramine)-induced displacement of 5-HT and NA] and on related pharmacological activities. All the investigated drugs antagonized H 77/77-induced displacement of 5-HT in the rat brain, though the effects of the metabolites were considerably weaker than those of the parent compounds. The H 77/77-induced displacement of brain NA in rats and mice was antagonized only by Ro 12-5419 and Ro 11-2465. All the drugs potentiated the pressor response to 5-HT in pithed rats; however, Ro 12-5419 and particularly Ro 11-2465 could also block the response when used in higher doses (greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/kg). Only Ro 12-5419 and Ro 11-2465 were able to potentiate the pressor response to NA. Ro 12-5419 also potentiated thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) hyperthermia and antagonized reserpine hypothermia in mice; Ro 11-2465 potentiated the TRH hyperthermia only. CIT and DCIT were inactive in both these tests. Of all the four drugs only CIT and Ro 12-5419 considerably stimulated the hind limb flexor reflex in spinal rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ro 11-2465 (cyan-imipramine), citalopram and their N-desmethyl metabolites: effects on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in vivo and related pharmacological activities. 392 52

The pharmacological properties of two selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B, L-deprenyl and MDL 72145 [(E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine, HCl], have been investigated in rats and mice in relation to their effects on MAO. Selective inhibition of MAO B achieved following 18 h pretreatment with L-deprenyl and/or MDL 72145 did not per se lead to prominent pharmacological activity; no effects were seen in the mouse "Behavioural Despair" test, hypothermia induced by reserpine in mice was neither prevented nor reversed and there was no change in the cardiovascular responsiveness of the pithed rat to tyramine, noradrenaline or stimulation of the spinal sympathetic outflow. L-Deprenyl differed from MDL 72145 in that short term treatment with this drug caused positive effects in the "Behavioural Despair" test, reversal of reserpine hypothermia, indirect sympathomimetic stimulation of blood pressure and heart rate in the pithed rat and ipsilateral rotation in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions. Qualitatively similar effects were seen with dexamphetamine. The marked difference between the pharmacological effects of MDL 72145 and L-deprenyl despite equivalent inhibition of MAO B suggests that many of the pharmacological actions of L-deprenyl result from its amphetamine-like sympathomimetic properties. MDL 72145 can, therefore, be considered a more reliable tool with which to explore the functional importance of MAO B inhibition in experimental animals and man.
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PMID:The functional consequences of inhibition of monoamine oxidase type B: comparison of the pharmacological properties of L-deprenyl and MDL 72145. 393 59

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and bombesin administered intrahypothalamically affected thermoregulation in the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. At a Ta of 22 degrees C, doses of 3 micrograms and 6 micrograms of NE resulted in transient hypothermia (maximum drop of 1.6 +/- 1.0 degrees C and 4.3 +/- 2.3 degrees C, respectively). A 1.5 microgram dose of 5-HT induced a persistent hyperthermia (maximum increase of 1.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C) which persisted for more than 2 h. A 6 microgram dose of 5-HT did not produce any significant effects. At a Ta of 22 degrees C, doses of 1 ng and 10 ng of bombesin produced a transient hyperthermia (maximum increase of 1.8 +/- 0.3 degree C and 2.1 +/- 1.2 degrees C, respectively) immediately postinjection. At a Ta of 5 degrees C, a 1 ng dose of bombesin resulted in a prolonged hypothermia (maximum decrease of 2.0 +/- 0.4 degrees C), while a 10 ng dose of bombesin produced a hyperthermic response (maximum increase of 1.3 +/- 0.8 degree C) at 2 h postinjection.
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PMID:Effects of intrahypothalamically administered norepinephrine, serotonin and bombesin on thermoregulation in the deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). 394 67

Tributyl S,S,S-phosphorotrithioate (DEF) produces profound hypothermia in rats, mice and guinea pigs by inhibition of thermogenesis. Its actions on heat conservation and motor control are, however, minimal. It is effective against both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis and completely blocks the increase in body temperature evoked by anterior hypothalamic stimulation. A number of other measures indicated that this is unlikely to be due to a lack of peripheral thermogenic capacity: thus plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies remained normal or rose after DEF, and in vitro noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis was normal in the presence of DEF. The metabolic response to the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was unchanged by DEF, and the increase in temperature of brown fat evoked in vivo by nerve stimulation or noradrenaline was also unaffected. It is suggested that DEF (or more likely a DEF metabolite) acts selectively on a central thermogenic control process.
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PMID:Hypothermia produced by tributyl S,S,S-phosphorotrithioate (DEF). 399 12

Cranio-cerebral hypothermia (temperature of the body 32-30 degrees C, of the brain 29-27 degrees C) was studied for its effect on the reuptake of neuromediators (3H-noradrenaline and [14C]GABA) by the cortex and hypothalamus synaptosomes of the rat brain. It was found that the reuptake of [3H]noradrenaline by the cortex synaptosomes under narcosis and cranio-cerebral hypothermia was inhibited much stronger than that by the hypothalamus synaptosomes. At the same time GABA-ergic synapses of the cortex and hypothalamus were not sensitive to narcosis. Cranio-cerebral hypothermia essentially inhibited the reuptake of [14C] GABA by synaptosomes and hypothalamus.
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PMID:[Effect of hypothermia on reuptake of neuromediators by synaptosomes]. 400 72

Carbamazepine (CBZ) was studied in mice and rats with regard to its antidepressant activity. CBZ did not counteract hypothermia and ptosis induced by reserpine, hypothermia evoked by apomorphine, or sedation and hypothermia induced by clonidine. CBZ shortened the immobility time in the behavioral despair test in rats (but not in mice). It attenuated hyperactivity evoked by d-amphetamine, not affecting stereotypy induced by that drug. CBZ inhibited head twitches evoked by 5-HTP, as well as the hind limb flexor reflex of the spinal rat, having no effect on its stimulation by noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists. CBZ administered repeatedly did not enhance clonidine aggressiveness or d-amphetamine locomotor hyperactivity, acting differently than many antidepressant drugs. The obtained results indicate that CBZ is not similar in its action to typical and many atypical antidepressants.
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PMID:The central action of carbamazepine as a potential antidepressant drug. 404 Oct 37

Chronically catheterised fetal sheep (117-134 days) were cooled in utero via a tubing coil placed around the fetal trunk through which cold water was circulated for one hour. The fetal core temperature was reduced by 5.51 +/- 0.61 degrees C. This hypothermia was associated with tachycardia (P less than 0.001) and hypertension (P less than 0.001) (n = 12). The tachycardia was abolished by treatment with propranolol (n = 4) and the hypertension by treatment with phentolamine (n = 5). Blood flow in the left umbilical artery was measured by an electromagnetic flow probe in 4 fetuses and rose (P less than 0.001) with fetal cooling. The increase in blood flow was abolished by treatment with either phentolamine or propranolol. These observations are consistent with a redistribution of fetal blood flow from peripheral tissues to placental and thermogenic tissues during cooling. Fetal plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations rose (P less than 0.01) during fetal cooling (n = 5). These studies demonstrate that catecholamine and cardiovascular responses to environmental hypothermia have differentiated prior to birth in the sheep fetus.
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PMID:Haemodynamic and catecholamine responses to hypothermia in the fetal sheep in utero. 404 30


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